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. 2022 Oct 18;13:1013686. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1013686

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Copyright © 2022 Zhou, Yu, Yan, Liang, Ma, Long, Du, Mao and Liu

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Lactate inhibited inflammation in vitro. (A) Intracellular ROS generation was observed using a ROS fluorescence probe DCFH-DA after lactate treatment (n = 3). scale bar, 5μm. (B) Intracellular ROS generation by macrophages at different time points (n = 3). scale bar, 5μm. (C) Western blotting results showing expression of phenotypic markers of LPS-stimulated macrophages after lactate treatment (n = 3). (D) Inflammatory cytokines released by macrophages in different treatment groups determined by ELISA (n=6). Pro-inflammatory cytokines, TNF-α and IL-1β; Anti-inflammatory factors, TGF-β and IL-10.