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. 2022 Jul 7;13(11):1814–1824. doi: 10.1111/jdi.13866

Table 1.

Characteristics of eligible studies

Author, year, country Study design No. participants Duration (weeks) Dose (g/day) Age, years (mean) BMI Female (%) Population Whole grain group Control group
Ampatzoglou, 2014, UK 14 R, C 33 6 >80 48.8 27.9 63.6 Healthy Mixed whole grain Refined grain products
Andersson, 2007, Sweden 15 R, C 30 6 112 59 28.3 26.7 Overweight and obesity Mixed whole grain Refined grain products
Charlton, 2012, Australia 16 R, P 87 6 137 51 27.3 56.7 Hypercholesterolemia without diabetes mellitus Oats Refined grain products
Connolly, 2016, UK 17 R, C 15 6 45.0 42 26.4 63.3 Risk of developing cardiometabolic disease Oats Refined grain products
Giacco, 2013, Finland/Italy 18 R, P 123 12 185 40–65 31.6 52.8 Metabolic syndrome Mixed whole grain Refined grain products
Giacco, 2014, Finland/Italy 19 R, P 54 12 136 57.2 31.7 57.4 Metabolic syndrome Mixed whole grain Refined grain products
Giacco, 2009, Finland/Italy 20 R, C 15 3 NR 54.5 27.4 20 Healthy Wheat Refined grain products
Jackson, 2014, USA 21 R, P 48 12 163–301 46.4 32.9 50 Overweight and obesity Mixed whole grain Refined grain products
Karl, 2017, USA 22 R, P 80 6 207 54.5 25.7 39.5 Overweight and obesity Mixed whole grain Refined grain products
Katcher, 2008, USA 23 R, P 50 12 NR 46 35.5 50 Metabolic syndrome Mixed whole grain Refined grain products
Kazemzadeh, 2014, Iran 24 R, C 35 6 150 32.6 29.8 100 Overweight and obesity Brown rice Refined grain products
Kikuchi, 2019, Japan 25 R, P 49 12 88.4 47.7 27.4 34.7 Obesity Wheat Refined grain products
Kirwan, 2016, USA 26 R, C 33 8 93 39 33.1 51.5 Overweight and obesity Mixed whole grain Refined grain products
Kondo, 2016, Japan 27 R, P 28 8 150 66.7 24.6 55.6 Type 2 diabetes Brown rice Refined grain products
Kristensen, 2012, Denmark 28 R, P 72 12 105 59.7 30.2 100 Overweight Wheat Refined grain products
Liatis, 2009, Greece 29 R, P 41 3 NR 63 28.5 43.9 Type 2 diabetes Oats Refined grain products
Liu, 2018, China 30 R, P 110 5

<69

>69

 58 26.5 54.5 Type 2 diabetes Wheat Refined grain products
Malik, 2019, USA 31 R, C 166 12 127.5 37.1 28.1 45 Overweight Brown rice Refined grain products
Malin, 2019, USA 32 R, C 13 8 100 37.2 33.6 76.9 Overweight and obesity Mixed whole grain Refined grain products
McIntosh, 2003, Australia 34 R, C 28 4 NR 40–65 30 0 Overweight Wheat Rye Refined grain products
Pereira, 2002, USA 35 R, C 11 6 NR 41.6 30.2 54.5 Overweight and obesity Mixed whole grain Refined grain products
Pick, 1998, Canada 36 R, C 11 12 NR 51 27.4 0 Type 2 diabetes Barley Refined grain products
Pins, 2002, USA 37 R, P 88 12 60 48.6 30.9 48.9 Hypertension without diabetes mellitus Oats Refined grain products
Roager, 2017, Denmark 38 R, C 50 8 179 20–65 29 36.0 Metabolic syndrome Mixed whole grain Refined grain products
Schutte, 2018, Netherlands 39 R, P 50 12 98 61 27.8 62 Overweight with mildly elevated levels of plasma total cholesterol Wheat Refined grain products
Shimabukuro, 2013, Japan 40 R, C 27 8 NR NR 26·7 0 Obese and metabolic syndrome Brown rice Refined grain products
Steven, 2017, USA 33 R, C 14 8 90.5 38 34 78.6 Overweight and obesity Mixed whole grain Refined grain products
Tighe, 2010, UK 41 R, P 206 12 100–120 51.8 28 50.4 Overweight Mixed whole grain wheat Refined grain products
Vitaglione, 2015, Slovenia 42 R, P 68 8 70 38.6 29.8 66.2 Overweight and obesity Wheat Refined grain products
Wang, 2013, USA 43 R, P 57 12 NR 52.5 25.8 66.7 Prediabetes Brown rice Refined grain products
Zhang, 2011, China 44 R, P 202 16 100 49.7 25.7 46.5 Diabetes or high risk for diabetes Brown rice Refined grain products
Zhang, 2012, China 45 R, P 166 6 100 53.2 25.5 38.6 Hypercholesterolemia Oats Refined grain products

BMI, body mass index; BP, blood pressure; C, cross‐over; CVD, cardiovascular disease; NR, not reported; P, parallel; R, random; WG, whole grain.