Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist and sulfonylurea exposure groups before and after propensity score weighting. Values are numbers (percentages) unless stated otherwise
| Characteristics | Before weighting* | After weighting* | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| GLP-1 receptor agonists (n=1252) | Sulfonylureas (n=14 259) | ASD | GLP-1 receptor agonists (n=1252) | Sulfonylureas (n=14 259) | ASD | ||
| Mean (SD) age, years | 61.4 (8.9) | 66.7 (9.9) | 0.56 | 61.4 (8.9) | 61.1 (9.2) | 0.04 | |
| Male sex | 626 (50.0) | 7887 (55.3) | 0.11 | 626 (50.0) | 7129 (50.0) | 0.00 | |
| Year of cohort entry: | |||||||
| 2007-10 | 312 (24.9) | 5040 (35.3) | 0.23 | 312 (24.9) | 3493 (24.5) | 0.01 | |
| 2011-14 | 359 (28.7) | 4891 (34.3) | 0.12 | 359 (28.7) | 3668 (25.7) | 0.07 | |
| 2015-19 | 581 (46.4) | 4328 (30.4) | 0.33 | 581 (46.4) | 7098 (49.8) | 0.07 | |
| Body mass index: | |||||||
| <30 | 75 (6.0) | 4426 (31.0) | 0.68 | 75 (6.0) | 948 (6.6) | 0.03 | |
| ≥30.0 | 1147 (91.6) | 9594 (67.3) | 0.63 | 1147 (91.6) | 12 960 (90.9) | 0.03 | |
| Unknown | 30 (2.4) | 239 (1.7) | 0.05 | 30 (2.4) | 352 (2.5) | 0.00 | |
| Smoking status: | |||||||
| Ever | 1181 (94.3) | 13 446 (94.3) | 0.00 | 1181 (94.3) | 13 412 (94.1) | 0.01 | |
| Never | 71 (5.7) | 813 (5.7) | 0.00 | 71 (5.7) | 847 (5.9) | 0.01 | |
| Unknown | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | |||
| Haemoglobin A1c: | |||||||
| ≤7.0% | 185 (14.8) | 2244 (15.7) | 0.03 | 185 (14.8) | 2460 (17.3) | 0.07 | |
| 7.1-8.0% | 267 (21.3) | 3727 (26.1) | 0.11 | 267 (21.3) | 2558 (17.9) | 0.09 | |
| >8.0% | 780 (62.3) | 7571 (53.1) | 0.19 | 780 (62.3) | 8952 (62.8) | 0.01 | |
| Unknown | 20 (1.6) | 717 (5.0) | 0.19 | 20 (1.6) | 289 (2.0) | 0.03 | |
| Alcohol related disorders | 124 (9.9) | 1664 (11.7) | 0.06 | 124 (9.9) | 1537 (10.8) | 0.03 | |
| Mean (SD) duration of diabetes, years | 10.4 (7.6) | 5.5 (5.2) | 0.75 | 10.4 (7.6) | 10.2 (7.5) | 0.04 | |
| Type of antihyperglycaemic drugs: | |||||||
| Metformin | 1040 (83.1) | 11 705 (82.1) | 0.03 | 1040 (83.1) | 11 994 (84.1) | 0.03 | |
| Thiazolidinedione | 133 (10.6) | 1084 (7.6) | 0.11 | 133 (10.6) | 1661 (11.6) | 0.03 | |
| Meglitinides | 10 (0.8) | 78 (0.5) | 0.03 | 10 (0.8) | 134 (0.9) | 0.02 | |
| α-glucosidase inhibitors | 11 (0.9) | 22 (0.2) | 0.10 | 11 (0.9) | 66 (0.5) | 0.05 | |
| Sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitors | 116 (9.3) | 131 (0.9) | 0.39 | 116 (9.3) | 1506 (10.6) | 0.04 | |
| Insulin | 671 (53.6) | 806 (5.7) | 1.23 | 671 (53.6) | 7474 (52.4) | 0.02 | |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 244 (19.5) | 2077 (14.6) | 0.13 | 244 (19.5) | 2625 (18.4) | 0.03 | |
| Stroke | 101 (8.1) | 1239 (8.7) | 0.02 | 101 (8.1) | 1125 (7.9) | 0.01 | |
| Myocardial infarction | 210 (16.8) | 2114 (14.8) | 0.05 | 210 (16.8) | 2411 (16.9) | 0.00 | |
| Renal disease | 304 (24.3) | 3563 (25.0) | 0.02 | 304 (24.3) | 3259 (22.9) | 0.03 | |
| Retinopathy | 518 (41.4) | 3200 (22.4) | 0.41 | 518 (41.4) | 5493 (38.5) | 0.06 | |
| Neuropathy | 456 (36.4) | 3119 (21.9) | 0.32 | 456 (36.4) | 5082 (35.6) | 0.02 | |
| Mean (SD) duration of COPD, years | 7.0 (6.4) | 7.6 (7.2) | 0.09 | 7.0 (6.4) | 7.1 (6.3) | 0.02 | |
| Long acting β-agonist | 682 (54.5) | 7461 (52.3) | 0.04 | 682 (54.5) | 7644 (53.6) | 0.02 | |
| Short acting β-agonist | 898 (71.7) | 9993 (70.1) | 0.04 | 898 (71.7) | 10 517 (73.8) | 0.05 | |
| Long acting anti-muscarinic | 457 (36.5) | 4931 (34.6) | 0.04 | 457 (36.5) | 5123 (35.9) | 0.01 | |
| Short acting anti-muscarinic | 111 (8.9) | 1723 (12.1) | 0.11 | 111 (8.9) | 1560 (10.9) | 0.07 | |
| Inhaled corticosteroids, | 765 (61.1) | 8390 (58.8) | 0.05 | 765 (61.1) | 8915 (62.5) | 0.03 | |
| Oral corticosteroids, | 458 (36.6) | 5354 (37.5) | 0.02 | 458 (36.6) | 4969 (34.8) | 0.04 | |
| Leukotriene antagonists, | 112 (8.9) | 648 (4.5) | 0.18 | 112 (8.9) | 1048 (7.4) | 0.06 | |
| Methylxanthines, | 72 (5.8) | 728 (5.1) | 0.03 | 72 (5.8) | 910 (6.4) | 0.03 | |
| Respiratory antibiotics, | 913 (72.9) | 10 013 (70.2) | 0.06 | 913 (72.9) | 9835 (69.0) | 0.09 | |
| Hospital admission for COPD | 323 (25.8) | 3955 (27.7) | 0.04 | 323 (25.8) | 3722 (26.1) | 0.01 | |
| Pneumonia | 48 (3.8) | 850 (6.0) | 0.10 | 48 (3.8) | 660 (4.6) | 0.04 | |
| Influenza | 8 (0.6) | 107 (0.8) | 0.01 | 8 (0.6) | 109 (0.8) | 0.01 | |
| Asthma | 833 (66.5) | 8517 (59.7) | 0.14 | 833 (66.5) | 9633 (67.6) | 0.02 | |
| Interstitial lung disease | 32 (2.6) | 427 (3.0) | 0.03 | 32 (2.6) | 290 (2.0) | 0.04 | |
| Bronchiectasis | 46 (3.7) | 722 (5.1) | 0.07 | 46 (3.7) | 371 (2.6) | 0.06 | |
| Pulmonary embolism | 274 (21.9) | 2544 (17.8) | 0.10 | 274 (21.9) | 2950 (20.7) | 0.03 | |
| Pulmonary hypertension | 24 (1.9) | 246 (1.7) | 0.01 | 24 (1.9) | 212 (1.5) | 0.03 | |
| Lung cancer | 5 (0.4) | 227 (1.6) | 0.12 | 5 (0.4) | 53 (0.4) | 0.01 | |
| FEV1 (% predicted): | |||||||
| <30 | 32 (2.6) | 503 (3.5) | 0.06 | 32 (2.6) | 399 (2.8) | 0.02 | |
| 30-80 | 698 (55.8) | 8179 (57.4) | 0.03 | 698 (55.8) | 7768 (54.5) | 0.03 | |
| >80 | 156 (12.5) | 1678 (11.8) | 0.02 | 156 (12.5) | 1780 (12.5) | 0.00 | |
| Unknown | 366 (29.2) | 3899 (27.3) | 0.04 | 366 (29.2) | 4312 (30.2) | 0.02 | |
| FEV1-FVC ratio: | |||||||
| <35 | 5 (0.4) | 126 (0.9) | 0.06 | 5 (0.4) | 47 (0.3) | 0.01 | |
| 35-59.9 | 110 (8.8) | 2193 (15.4) | 0.20 | 110 (8.8) | 1202 (8.4) | 0.01 | |
| ≥60 | 608 (48.6) | 5943 (41.7) | 0.14 | 608 (48.6) | 6875 (48.2) | 0.01 | |
| Unknown | 529 (42.3) | 5997 (42.1) | 0.00 | 529 (42.3) | 6136 (43.0) | 0.02 | |
| Severity of dyspnoea: | |||||||
| None/mild | 259 (20.7) | 3496 (24.5) | 0.09 | 259 (20.7) | 2793 (19.6) | 0.03 | |
| Moderate/severe | 661 (52.8) | 7144 (50.1) | 0.05 | 661 (52.8) | 7417 (52.0) | 0.02 | |
| Unknown | 332 (26.5) | 3619 (25.4) | 0.03 | 332 (26.5) | 4049 (28.4) | 0.04 | |
| Blood eosinophil count: | |||||||
| <2% | 380 (30.4) | 4825 (33.8) | 0.07 | 380 (30.4) | 4707 (33.0) | 0.06 | |
| 2-4% | 561 (44.8) | 5873 (41.2) | 0.07 | 561 (44.8) | 6471 (45.4) | 0.01 | |
| >4% | 265 (21.2) | 2942 (20.6) | 0.01 | 265 (21.2) | 2486 (17.4) | 0.09 | |
| Unknown | 46 (3.7) | 619 (4.3) | 0.03 | 46 (3.7) | 595 (4.2) | 0.03 | |
| Cancer† | 115 (9.2) | 1940 (13.6) | 0.14 | 115 (9.2) | 1120 (7.9) | 0.05 | |
| Heart failure | 242 (19.3) | 2684 (18.8) | 0.01 | 242 (19.3) | 3034 (21.3) | 0.05 | |
| Hypertension | 1065 (85.1) | 11 170 (78.3) | 0.17 | 1065 (85.1) | 12 199 (85.6) | 0.01 | |
| Arrhythmia | 256 (20.4) | 3333 (23.4) | 0.07 | 256 (20.4) | 2742 (19.2) | 0.03 | |
| Dyslipidaemia | 690 (55.1) | 6373 (44.7) | 0.21 | 690 (55.1) | 8033 (56.3) | 0.02 | |
| Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease | 74 (5.9) | 403 (2.8) | 0.15 | 74 (5.9) | 883 (6.2) | 0.01 | |
| Hypothyroidism | 210 (16.8) | 1924 (13.5) | 0.09 | 210 (16.8) | 2571 (18.0) | 0.03 | |
| Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease | 407 (32.5) | 3701 (26.0) | 0.14 | 407 (32.5) | 4561 (32.0) | 0.01 | |
| Sleep apnoea | 339 (27.1) | 1248 (8.8) | 0.49 | 339 (27.1) | 4420 (31.0) | 0.09 | |
| Osteoarthritis | 592 (47.3) | 6180 (43.3) | 0.08 | 592 (47.3) | 6744 (47.3) | 0.00 | |
| Depression | 737 (58.9) | 6488 (45.5) | 0.27 | 737 (58.9) | 8493 (59.6) | 0.01 | |
| Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors | 658 (52.6) | 6758 (47.4) | 0.10 | 658 (52.6) | 7314 (51.3) | 0.03 | |
| Angiotensin receptor blockers | 295 (23.6) | 2684 (18.8) | 0.12 | 295 (23.6) | 3055 (21.4) | 0.05 | |
| β blockers | 315 (25.2) | 3447 (24.2) | 0.02 | 315 (25.2) | 3760 (26.4) | 0.03 | |
| Calcium channel blockers | 476 (38.0) | 4996 (35.0) | 0.06 | 476 (38.0) | 5554 (39.0) | 0.02 | |
| Diuretics | 558 (44.6) | 5522 (38.7) | 0.12 | 558 (44.6) | 6206 (43.5) | 0.02 | |
| Antiarrhythmic agents | 74 (5.9) | 783 (5.5) | 0.02 | 74 (5.9) | 771 (5.4) | 0.02 | |
| Antiplatelet agents | 151 (12.1) | 1565 (11.0) | 0.03 | 151 (12.1) | 1912 (13.4) | 0.04 | |
| Statins | 1062 (84.8) | 11 052 (77.5) | 0.19 | 1062 (84.8) | 12 015 (84.3) | 0.02 | |
| Proton pump inhibitors | 728 (58.1) | 7422 (52.1) | 0.12 | 728 (58.1) | 8475 (59.4) | 0.03 | |
| Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs | 767 (61.3) | 7932 (55.6) | 0.11 | 767 (61.3) | 8725 (61.2) | 0.00 | |
| Opioids | 762 (60.9) | 7299 (51.2) | 0.20 | 762 (60.9) | 8543 (59.9) | 0.02 | |
| Faecal occult blood testing or colonoscopy | 200 (16.0) | 1945 (13.6) | 0.07 | 200 (16.0) | 2214 (15.5) | 0.01 | |
| Mammography | 120 (9.6) | 1033 (7.2) | 0.08 | 120 (9.6) | 1292 (9.1) | 0.02 | |
| Prostate specific antigen testing | 89 (7.1) | 1196 (8.4) | 0.05 | 89 (7.1) | 1096 (7.7) | 0.02 | |
| Influenza vaccination | 409 (32.7) | 5900 (41.4) | 0.18 | 409 (32.7) | 4733 (33.2) | 0.01 | |
| Pneumococcal vaccination | 52 (4.2) | 706 (5.0) | 0.04 | 52 (4.2) | 546 (3.8) | 0.02 | |
| Season: | |||||||
| Spring | 281 (22.4) | 3702 (26.0) | 0.08 | 281 (22.4) | 3291 (23.1) | 0.02 | |
| Summer | 334 (26.7) | 3515 (24.7) | 0.05 | 334 (26.7) | 3789 (26.6) | 0.00 | |
| Autumn/fall | 358 (28.6) | 3602 (25.3) | 0.08 | 358 (28.6) | 3845 (27.0) | 0.04 | |
| Winter | 279 (22.3) | 3440 (24.1) | 0.04 | 279 (22.3) | 3334 (23.4) | 0.03 | |
ASD=absolute standardised difference; COPD=chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; FEV1=forced expiratory volume in the first second; FVC=forced vital capacity; SD=standard deviation.
*
Weighted using propensity score fine stratification within study populations with overlapping propensity scores.
†
Excludes lung cancer and non-melanoma skin cancer.