Figure 8.

Functional hierarchical levels in the daily life of mice. Many targeted mutations affecting neuronal functions across the entire mouse brain are likely to show phenotypic changes according to an (arbitrary) functional hierarchy of behavioral changes. Most important for mice is the regulation of freezing or running which is governed by many brain systems. Thus, even subtle changes at the cellular level are likely to be observed but their causation remains unclear. On the contrary, changes in spatial memory and cognition are unlikely to show up in such spontaneous behavior. Modified from Lipp and Wolfer (2013).