Table 1.

Demographics, and clinical and oral conditions of subjects [n = 65]

	Crohn’s disease, oral manifestation absent [CDA], n = 25	Crohn’s disease, oral manifestation present [CDP], n = 16	Healthy controls [HC], n = 24	p-value
Demographics
Mean age, years [SD]	39.1 [14.4]	38.6 [12.0]	40.2 [1]	0.84
Ethnicity, n [%]
Chinese	12 [48.0]	10 [62.5]	12 [50.0]	0.948
Malay	3 [12.0]	2 [12.5]	3 [12.5]
Indian	9 [36.0]	3 [18.8]	9 [37.5]
Caucasian	1 [4.0]	1 [6.2]	0 [0.0]
Sex, n [%]
Male	11 [41.7]	13 [81.2]	10 [41.7]	0.028*
Female	14 [58.3]	3 [18.8]	14 [58.3]
Smoking, n [%]
Non-smoker	20 [83.3]	13 [81.2]	20 [80.0]	0.913
Previous/current smoker	5 [16.7]	3 [18.8]	4 [20.0]
Crohn’s disease condition
Duration [SD]	7.9 [5.5]	10.4 [6.2]		0.181
Crohn’s disease activity index [SD]	61.5 [58.4]	43.8 [62.1]		0.361
Activity	10 [40.0]	5 [31.2]		0.814
C-reactive protein level [CRP] [mg/L], mean [SD]	8.8 [17.5]	6.9 [10.6]		0.713
Location, n [%]				0.952
L1	2 [8.0]	1 [6.2]
L2	7 [28.0]	5 [31.2]
L3	14 [56.0]	8 [50.0]
L4	2 [8.0]	2 [12.5]
Behaviour, n [%]				0.890
B1	13 [52.0]	9 [56.2]
B2	1 [4.0]	1 [6.2]
B3	11 [44.0]	6 [37.5]
Perianal involvement, n [%]				0.898
No	17 [68.0]	12 [75.0]
Yes	8 [32.0]	4 [25.0]
Age of CD onset, n [%]				0.467
A1	3 [12.0]	1 [6.2]
A2	14 [56.0]	12 [75.0]
A3	8 [32.0]	3 [18.8]
Medication † , n [%]
Steroids/anti-inflammatory [mesalazine]	5 [20.0]	3 [18.8]		0.453
Azathioprine	12 [48.0]	13 [81.2]		0.072
Biologics	10 [40.0]	10 [62.5]		0.278
Others [tacrolimus, sulphasalazine]	2 [8.0]	2 [12.5]		0.224
Dental condition, n
Presence of decayed teeth [%]	22 [88.0]	12 [75.0]	18 [75.0]	0.444
DMFT: severity of decayed teeth [SD]	6.1 [7.0]	3.8 [3.9]	4.7 [5.3]	0.427
Periodontal condition: presence of periodontitis [%]	5 [20.8]	4 [25.0]	5 [20.8]	0.925
Type of oral manifestation ‡, n [%]
Cobblestoning		8 [50.0]
Lip swelling		1 [6.5]
Mucogingivitis		4 [25.0]
Mucosal Tags		3 [18.8]
Ulcers		10 [62.5]

p < 0.05.

Some subjects were on multiple drug regimens.

Some subjects had multiple types of oral manifestations.