Table 2.

Growth factors commonly incorporated in tissue-engineered scaffolds (Adapted from Whitaker, M. et al. [299]).

Growth Factor	Target & Application in Tissue Engineering	Fabrication Methods	References
Bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2)	Bone regeneration; Cell proliferation	3D-printing; Bioprinting; Electrospinning; Gas foaming; Hydrogel; Cryogel; Solvent Casting/Particulate Leaching	[300,301,302,303,304,305,306,307,308]
Epidermal growth factor (EGF)	Cell proliferation; Neural Stem Cell Differentiation; Wound healing	Bioprinting; Electrospinning; Gas foaming; Hydrogel; Cryogel; Solvent Casting/Particulate Leaching	[309,310,311,312,313,314,315,316,317,318]
Fibroblast growth factor (FGF)	Angiogenesis; Bone/Cartilage Regeneration; Cell Proliferation; Nerve Growth	3D-printing; Electrospinning; Gas Foaming; Solvent Casting/Particulate Leaching	[262,263,314,319,320,321,322,323,324,325,326,327]
Nerve growth factor (NGF)	Axonal Growth; Neurite Extension in Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems	3D-printing; Bioprinting; Electrospinning; Hydrogel; Cryogel	[260,328,329,330,331,332,333,334,335,336]
Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)	Angiogenesis; Endothelial Cell Proliferation; Wound Healing	3D-printing; Electrospinning; Gas foaming; Hydrogel	[326,337,338,339,340,341,342,343]
Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β)	Bone/Cartilage Regeneration; ECM Production	3D-printing; Bioprinting; Electrospinning; Hydrogel; Cryogel; Solvent Casting/Particulate Leaching	[325,326,341,344,345,346,347,348,349,350]
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)	Angiogenesis; Endothelial Cell Proliferation	3D-printing; Bioprinting; Electrospinning; Gas foaming; Hydrogel; Cryogel; Solvent Casting/Particulate Leaching	[264,303,304,318,351,352,353,354,355,356,357]