Extended Data Fig. 6. Simultaneous fiber fluorometry recording of dopamine neuron activity in the VTA and VS.

(a) GCaMP7f was expressed in VTA dopamine neurons and fibers were targeted at both VTA and VS. (b) GCaMP signal of dopamine axons in the VS of an example animal (left; mean ± sem, and right top), and activity peak for each trial (right bottom; gray circle). Activity peaks were fitted with linear regression with trial number and the fitted line was shown with red line. (c) GCaMP activity of dopamine neurons in the VTA in an example animal simultaneously recorded with (b) (left; mean ± sem, and right top). Activity peaks (right bottom; gray circle) were fitted with linear regression with trial number and the fitted line was shown with red line. (d) Comparison of Pearson’s correlation coefficients of activity peaks and trial number between VS recording (p = 8.6 × 10⁻⁶, two-sided t-test) and VTA recording (p = 1.2 × 10⁻², two-sided t-test) (p = 5.2 × 10⁻³, two-sided t-test after Fisher’s Z-transformation). Filled circles, reversal from nothing to reward. Open circle, reversal from airpuff to reward. Red circles, significant (p-value ≤ 0.05, F-test, no adjustment for multiple comparison). n=8 sessions (airpuff-reward sessions and nothing-reward sessions from 4 animals). Center of boxplot showing median, edges are 25th and 75th percentile, and whiskers are most extreme data points. *p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001.