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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Nov 1.
Published in final edited form as: Adv Funct Mater. 2021 Nov 25;32(9):2107671. doi: 10.1002/adfm.202107671

Figure 3.

Figure 3.

AM (also called 3D printing) methods relevant to biomedical sensors. a) Fused deposition modeling (FDM) system for printed sensors such as an electrochemical sensor for lactate sensing.[63] b) An example of biosensor (microfluidic e-tongue sensor) manufactured by FDM (image reproduced with permission).[63] Copyright 2017, Elsevier. c) Schematic representation of direct ink write (DIW) 3D printer.[65] d) A picture of implanted soft biosensor used for simultaneous epicardial recording of ECG signal from murine.[65] e) SLA-based 3D printing wherein the manufacture of a microfluidic device is taken for demonstration.[23] f) Set up of a two photon polarization (2PP) with associated optical circuitry.[73] g) An optical fiber based probe manufactured by 2PP and used for rapid detection of bacteria.[74] Image reproduced with permission.[74] Copyright 2020, Wiley-VCH. h) SLS-based 3D printer used to fabricate microfluidic electrochemical sensors.[75] i) An inkjet printer,[76] and j) A photograph of OTFT biosensor fabricated by inkjet printer.[76] Image reproduced with permission.[76] Copyright 2015, Wiley-VCH. k) Schematic of aerosol jet 3D NP printing process with ultrasonic and pneumatic automizers to generate aerosol droplets which are moved to the nozzle via a carries gas and focused aerodynamically to print biomedical devices such as neural probes (brain-computer interfaces).[39] The categorization of the 3D printing methods in this figure according to ASTM Standard F2792–12a is given in Table 1.