. 2022 Oct 25;2022:1645265. doi: 10.1155/2022/1645265

Table 2.

Herbal remedies used by local people for the treatment of cancer.

Family	Scientific name (EPPO code)	Voucher	Vernacular name Arabe (English)	Used part	Method of preparation/Route of administration	Common traditional dosages	FL (%)	FC	UR	RFC	FUV	IAR	Toxicity (lethal dose (LD₅₀))	Revised literature
Amaryllidaceae	Allium cepa L. (ALLCE 23211)	BLMUP306	Bassela (onion)	Bulbs	Inf, Dec/In	Glass	60% brain; 40% leukemia	5	2	0.017	0.012	0.75	LD₅₀ = 3000 mg/kg b.w. (body weight)	[35]
Amaryllidaceae	Allium sativum L. (ALLSA 23233)	BLMUP307	Toma (garlic)	Bulbs	Dec, Mac/In	3 Units	50% oral; 50% pancreatic	2	2	0.006	0.012	ND	LD₅₀ = 5000 mg/kg b.w	[16]

Apiaceae	Ammodaucus leucotrichus coss. (AMKLE 23511)	BLMUP308	Kamoun essoufi (wooly cumin)	Fruits	Pow/In	Spoon	75% oral; 25% prostate	4	2	0.013	0.009	0.66	LD₅₀ = 520 mg/kg b.w	[35]
Apiaceae	Pimpinella anisum L. (PIMAN40505)	BLMUP309	Habat hlawa (anise)	Seeds	Dec, Pow/In	Spoon, pinch	100% gastro-intestinal	2	1	0.006	0.009	1	LD₅₀ = 25 ± 2 g/kg b.w	[39]

Apocynaceae	Nerium oleander L. (NEROL 38433)	BLMUP310	Dafla (oleander)	Leaves, flowers	Dec/Ex	Handful	100% skin cancer	1	1	0.003	0.003	ND	LD₅₀ = 57 mg/Kg b.w	[16]

Aristolochiaceae	Aristolochia longa L. (ARPLO 24116)	BLMUP311	Berztem (pipevine)	Roots, whole plant	Dec, Pow/In, Ex	Handful spoon, pinch	35% uterine cancer; 21% skin cancer	28	7	0.096	0.10	0.77	LD₅₀ = 407.38 mg/kg b.w	[40]

Asteraceae	Artemisia herba-alba Asso (ARTHA 24166)	BLMUP312	Chih (white mugwort)	Aerial parts, leaves	Inf, Dec/In, Ex	Coffee spoon	36% pancreatic	11	5	0.037	0.014	0.66	LD₅₀ = 2600 mg/kg b.w	[30]
	Chamaemelum nobile (L.) All. (ANTNO 23736)	BLMUP313	Babonj (chamomile)	Flowers	Inf/In	Spoon	100% gastro-intestinal	2	1	0.006		1	LD₅₀ = 5000 mg/kg b.w	[41]
	Dittrichia viscosa (L.) Greuter (INUVI 34981)	BLMUP314	Magraman (false yellowhead)	Aerial parts	Dec/In	ND	100% brain cancer	1	1	0.003		ND	LD₅₀ = 1720.25 mg/kg/b.w.	[41]
	Saussurea costus (Falc.) Lipsch. (SAULA 44090)	BLMUP315	Quist AL-Hindi (Indian costus)	Whole plant	Pow/In	Pinch	75% uterine cancer	4	2	0.013		0.66	LD₅₀ > 1000 mg/kg b.w	[16]

Berberidaceae	Berberis hispanica Boiss. & Reut. (BEBHI 25054)	BLMUP316	Aghris (barberry)	Roots	Pow, Dec/In, Ex	Glass	33% uterine; 33% skin	12	4	0.041	0.041	0.72	LD₅₀ = 1016.16 mg/kg b.w	[40]

Brassicaceae	Lepidium sativum L. (LEPSA 35947)	BLMUP317	Hab-errachad (garden cress)	Seeds, leaves	Pow, Mac/In	Pinch	100% prostate	1	1	0.003	0.003	ND	LD₅₀ = 639 mg/kg b.w	[41]

Cactaceae	Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill. (OPUFI 39060)	BLMUP318	Hindia (barbary fig)	Fruits, whole plants	Dec, Inf/In, Ex	Glass	66% gastro-intestinal	5	2	0.017	0.017	0.75	LD₅₀ = 2.72 ml/kg body	[21]
Capparaceae	Capparis spinosa L. (CPPSP 28130)	BLMUP319	Kabar (flinders rose)	Leaves, fruits	Pow/Ex	Spoon	62% gastro-intestinal; 25% pancreatic	8	3	0.027	0.027	0.71	LD₅₀ = 5140 mg/kg b.w	[42]

Caryophyllaceae	Corrigiola telephiifolia Pourr. (CGLTE 26812)	BLMUP320	Serghina (corrigiola)	Whole plant, leaves	Dec/In	Coffee spoon	83% uterine; 17% kidney	6	2	0.020	0.020	0.8	LD₅₀ = 14.000 mg/kg b.w	[42]

Chenopodiaceae	Chenopodium ambrosioides L. (CHEAM 26847)	BLMUP321	Mkhinza (sweet pigweed)	Leaves	Dec/In, Ex	Spoon	40% uterine; 20% skin; 10% prostate; 10% pancreatic	10	6	0.034	0.034	0.44	LD₅₀ = 460 mg/kg b.w	[43]

Cupressaceae	Juniperus phoenicea L. (IUPPH 35388)	BLMUP322	Aaraar (phoenician juniper)	Aerial parts	Pow, Dec/In, Ex	Spoon	100% kidney	2	1	0.006	0.006	1	LD₅₀ = 3432 mg/kg b.w	[16]

Ephedraceae	Ephedra alata Decne (EPEAL 86676)	BLMUP323	Andla (ephedra)	Leaves	Inf, Pow/In, Ex	Spoon	ND	16	5	0.054	0.054	0.73	LD₅₀ = 500 mg/kg b.w	[42]

Euphorbiaceae	Euphorbia resinifera O. Berg (EPHRN 31428)	BLMUP324	Daghmous (spurge)	Leaves	Pow, Dec/In, Ex	Pinch	38% skin; 38% uterine; 15% gastro-intestinal;	13	4	0.044	0.044	0.75	LD₅₀ > 2.5 mg/kg b.w	[42]
Fabaceae	Ceratonia siliqua L. (CEQSI 26680)	BLMUP325	SAnnâ hram (carob)	Leaves	Dec/In	Glass	60% skin; 20% oral; 20% gastro-intestinal	5	3	0.017	0.011	0.5	LD₅₀ > 5000 mg/kg b.w	[44]
	Glycyrrhiza glabra L. (GYCGL 33535)	BLMUP326	Araq-sűs (liquorice)	Roots, stems	Pow, Dec/In	Spoon	66% leukemia; 33% skin	3	2	0.010		0.5	DL50 > 1000 mg/kg b.w	[21]
	Retama monosperma (L.) Boiss. (RTARE98145)	BLMUP327	R'tum (bridal broom)	Aerial parts	Dec/In	Pinch	100% oral cancer	1	1	0.003		ND	LD₅₀ = 1995 mg/kg b.w	[41]
	Trigonella foenum-graecum L. (TRKFG47367)	BLMUP328	Helba (fenugreek)	Seeds	Pow/In	Pinch	75% oral; 25% gastro-intestinal	4	2	0,013		0.66	LD₅₀ = 7000 mg/kg b.w	[39]

Iridaceae	Crocus sativus L. (CVOSA28993)	BLMUP329	Safran (saffron)	Roots	Pow/In, Ex	Spoon	100% leukemia	3	1	0.010	0.010	2	LD₅₀ = 1.48 ml/kg b.w	[39]

Lamiaceae	Lavandula dentata L. (LAVDE35748)	BLMUP330	Khzama (fringed lavender)	Leaves	Dec/In	Spoon	ND	13	7	0.044	0.024	0.5	LD₅₀ = 2000 mg/kg b.w	[23]
	Marrubium vulgare L. (MAQVU 37199)	BLMUP331	Marwita (white horehound)	Leaves, Aerial parts	Dec/In, Ex	Glass	33% uterine; 22% oral	9	6	0.030		0.37	LD₅₀ > 2000 mg/kg b.w	[39]
	Origanum compactum Benth. (ORICO93447)	BLMUP332	Zaatar (oregano)	Aerial parts	Dec, Inf/In	Handful	37% gastro-intestinal; 37% oral	8	4	0.027		0.57	LD₅₀ > 5000 mg/kg b.w	[16]
	Rosmarinus officinalis L. (RMSOF 43318)	BLMUP333	Azir (rosemary)	Aerial parts	Dec, Inf/In	Glass	33% oral; 33% pancreatic; 33% prostate	3	3	0.010		ND	LD₅₀ = 561 mg/kg b.w	[35]
	Salvia officinalis L. (SALOF44001)	BLMUP334	Salmiya (sage)	Leaves	Inf, Dec/In	Glass	75% pancreatic; 25% oral	4	2	0.013		0.66	LD₅₀ = 1287.3 mg/Kg b.w	[35]

Linaceae	Linum usitatissimum L. (LIUUT 36286)	BLMUP335	Zeri-it-lktan (flax seed)	Seeds	Pow/In, Ex	Coffee spoon	28% oral; 28% uterine; 14% leukemia	7	3	0.024	0.024	0.66	LD₅₀ = 3.76 mg/Kg b.w	[23]

Lauraceae	Cinnamomum camphora (L.) J. Presl (CINCA 27139)	BLMUP336	Kafour (camphor)	Whole plant	Fum/Ex	Spoon	30% brain; 20% skin	5	2	0.017	0.017	0.75	LD₅₀ = 5100 mg/kg b.w	[23]

Moraceae	Ficus carica L. (FIUCA 32494)	BLMUP337	Karmous (fig)	Fruits	Pow/In	Spoon	75% uterine; 12% skin; 12% pancreatic;	6	4	0.020	0.020	0.4	LD₅₀ > 6000 mg/kg b.w	[21]

Myrtaceae	Myrtus communis L. (MYVCO 38308)	BLMUP338	Rihan (true myrtle)	Leaves	Inf, Fum/In, Ex	Handful	33% pancreatic; 33% skin	8	3	0.027	0.027	0.71	LD₅₀ = 473 mg/kg b.w	[42]

Oleaceae	Olea europaea L. (OLVEU38940)	BLMUP339	Zitoun (olive)	Leaves	Dec, Inf/In, Ex	Glass	30% pancreatic; 20% kidney	10	5	0.034	0.034	0.55	LD₅₀ = 3475 mg/kg b.w	[35]

Renonculaceae	Nigella sativa L. (NIGSA 38473)	BLMUP34	Sanouj (black cumin)	Seeds	Pow, Dec/In, Ex	Coffee spoon	24% skin; 14% gastro-intestinal	21	6	0.072	0.072	0.75	LD₅₀ = 1,853 mg/kg b.w	[40]

Rosaceae	Rosa × damascene Herrm. (ROSDM 43433)	BLMUP341	Ward-lbeldi (damask rose)	Flowers	Dec, Fum/Ex	Handful	66% skin; 33% gastro-intestinal	3	3	0.010	0.010	ND	LD₅₀ > 2500 mg/kg b.w	[16]

Sapotaceae	Argania spinosa (L.) Skeels (ARJSI 24031)	BLMUP342	Argane (argan)	Fruits	Pow, Cat/In, Ex	Glass	100% pancreatic	1	1	0.003	0.003	ND	LD₅₀ = 1300 mg/kg b.w	[44]

Urticaceae	Urtica dioica L. (URTDI 47803)	BLMUP343	Harriga (common nettle)	Aerial parts	Dec, Cat/In, Ex	Handful	64% uterine; 36% skin	11	2	0.037	0.037	0.9	LD₅₀ = 3625 mg/kg b.w	[44]

Zingiberaceae	Zingiber officinale Roscoe (ZINOF 48967)	BLMUP344	Skinjbir (ginger)	Rhizomes	Pow/In	Glass	50% kidney; 50% gastro-intestinal	2	2	0.006	0.006	ND	LD₅₀ = 4525.5 mg/kg b.w	[16]

Inf, infusion; Dec, decoction; Pow, powder; Mac, maceration; Fum, fumigation; Cat, cataplasm; In, internal uses, Ex, external uses.