(c) Less effective drugs

Medication class	Example	Mechanism of action
Nitric oxide modulators	(i) Nitrates	(i) Vasodilation induced by nitrates through activation of the guanylyl cyclase signaling pathway (endothelium-dependent)
Alpha-blockers	(i) Doxazosin	(i) Sympatholytic capacity which causes a reduction in the microvascular tone (endothelium-dependent)
Novel antianginal	(i) Ranolazine	(i) Inhibiting late sodium current in cardiomyocytes (ii) Improving endothelial function (endothelium-dependent)
Miscellaneous	(i) Trimetazidine	(i) Inhibiting the long-chain of 3-ketoacyl coenzyme A thiolase
	(ii) Thiazolidinediones	(i) Improving endothelial dysfunction through modulation of oxidative processes (endothelium-independent)
	(iii) Xanthine derivatives	(i) Vasodilation (endothelium-dependent) (ii) Mediating ischemic pain perception

NO: nitric oxide; ACEI: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB: angiotensin receptor blockers; NADPH: nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate; SGLT: sodium-glucose cotransporter; NAC: N-acetylcysteine.