Table 2.
Descriptive statistics for maternal exposure to adversity and child indirect exposure.
| Type of Maternal Adversity | Lifetime Exposure |
M[SD] age of onset | Since birth | Age of child | Child witnessed |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abortion/miscarriage | 51% | 29.04[6.66] | 19% | 2.57[0.94] | 7% |
| Accident | 21% | 22.55[8.81] | 3% | 2.33[1.15] | 2% |
| Accident (W) | 27% | 23.44[7.70] | 5% | 2.60[1.14] | 3% |
| Adoption/foster care (childhood) | 1% | 0.00 | |||
| Arrested/jailed | 4% | 22.00[2.58] | 0% | ||
| Authority problems | 22% | 20.77[8.93] | 6% | 0.92[1.11] | 0% |
| Bullying (childhood) | 28% | 8.42[3.67] | |||
| Caregiver for ill person | 19% | 30.67[10.05] | 9% | 1.36[1.29] | 7% |
| Death | 64% | 22.87[9.64] | 18% | 1.98[1.43] | 7% |
| Disaster | 21% | 12.33[9.17] | 4% | 2.54[1.84] | 2% |
| Discrimination | 35% | 18.15[9.57] | 13% | 1.08[1.85] | 3% |
| Divorce | 14% | 29.64[6.06] | 2% | 2.00[1.41] | 1% |
| Emotional abuse | 16% | 10.07[7.41] | 3% | 1.33[2.31] | 0% |
| Emotional neglect | 21% | 15.20[13.15] | 6% | 0.50[1.22] | 4% |
| Family arrested/jailed | 14% | 18.38[12.38] | 3% | 1.33[1.15] | 2% |
| Family verbal fighting (W) | 56% | 8.11[6.65] | 6% | 0.92[1.02] | 2% |
| Family violence (W) | 24% | 8.74[6.76] | 0% | ||
| Financial problems | 31% | 25.45[8.97] | 12% | 1.52[1.29] | NA |
| Fired/laid-off | 11% | 26.27[3.77] | 2% | 3.00[2.83] | NA |
| Immigration | 39% | 21.14[8.60] | 6% | 1.44[1.40] | 5% |
| Language barriers | 18% | 18.25[7.86] | 6% | 1.00[1.67] | 0% |
| Legal problems | 19% | 27.44[5.89] | 7% | 1.43[1.27] | 1% |
| Mental illness (W) | 53% | 16.58[13.20] | 20% | 0.95[1.47] | 9% |
| Neighborhood danger | 27% | 21.85[10.25] | 10% | 1.40[1.07] | 2% |
| Other exposure | 9% | 19.44[10.70] | 0% | ||
| Parental divorce | 33% | 11.06[10.44] | 2% | 1.50[2.12] | 2% |
| Partner coercive control | 11% | 22.92[4.87] | 3% | 0.03[0.05] | 1% |
| Partner disagreement | 38% | 32.47[5.26] | 35% | 0.51[0.93] | 20% |
| Partner drug abuse | 16% | 21.81[5.34] | 5% | 0.40[0.89] | 2% |
| Partner verbal fighting | 47% | 26.84[7.11] | 22% | 1.10[1.45] | 11% |
| Physical abuse | 12% | 16.08[8.92] | 0% | ||
| Physical illness | 22% | 29.29[11.99] | 12% | 2.09[1.72] | 10% |
| Physical illness (W) | 49% | 27.09[8.77] | 14% | 1.12[1.56] | 9% |
| Physical neglect | 4% | 2.25[3.86] | 0% | ||
| Police discrimination | 3% | 18.33[4.93] | 0% | ||
| Rape | 18% | 18.88[8.49] | 1% | 3.00 | 0% |
| Robbery, mugging, attack | 11% | 22.36[5.80] | 1% | 3.00 | 0% |
| Robbery, mugging, attack (W) | 12% | 26.42[7.79] | 1% | 3.00 | 0% |
| Separation from child | 3% | 29.67[7.57] | 3% | 1.50[2.12] | 2% |
| Sexual harassment | 31% | 18.93[5.41] | 3% | 1.33[1.53] | 1% |
| Sexual molestation | 24% | 13.39[7.87] | 1% | 3.00 | 0% |
| Someone else exposed | 11% | 22.00[10.13] | 4% | 2.00[1.83] | 0% |
N=97. “Exposed in pregnancy” indicates mother was exposed when pregnant with the focal child. Maternal and child age in years. M=mean. SD=standard deviation. (W) indicates mother witnessed the adversity. “Since birth” indicates the maternal adversity occurred since the birth of the focal child. “Child witnessed” indicates that mother endorsed that the child saw or heard about the adversity. “Other exposure” and refers to open-ended question, ““Have you experienced any other frightening or stressful events that we did not include?”