Table 3.

Descriptive statistics for child direct exposure to adversity.

Type of adversity	Exposed	M[SD] age at occurrence
Accident	1%	3.00
Accident (W)	1%	2.00
Adoption/foster care	1%	3.00
Attack by stranger	0%
Bullying	7%	3.14[1.68]
Disaster	0%
Emotional abuse	8%	3.12[1.25]
Emotional neglect	2%	1.00[1.41]
Immigration	1%	0.83
Physical abuse	4%	2.00[0.00]
Physical illness	10%	1.20[1.13]
Physical neglect	0%
Separation from caregiver	1%	3.00
Sexual abuse	0%
Spanking	20%	2.63[0.96]

N=97. Whereas child indirect exposure (Table 2) indicates that a maternal adversity occurred during the child’s lifetime and/or the child witnessed the mother’s adversity, child direct exposure indicates that the child was the primary victim of the adversity and/or witnessed the adversity in the absence of the mother. Age is in years. M=mean. SD=standard deviation. (W) indicates child witnessed the adversity happen in the absence of the mother.