Fig. 1.

Single-cell landscape and HERV expression patterns in GBC and adjacent normal tissues. a Overview of the study design. b tSNE projection of 28,301 single cells from tumor and adjacent normal tissues, color-coded by cell type. c Violin plot displaying expression of canonical marker genes for major cell types. d Relative proportion of major cell types in different tissue types (top). Dot plot showing the distribution of major cell types in different tissue types estimated by Ro/e,³³ the ratio of observed to expected cell numbers in each cell type (bottom). e Comparison of the number of active HERV loci (top) and the overall expression of HERVs (bottom) in the matched samples. Statistical significance was evaluated by two-sided Wilcoxon rank sum test. f tSNE plot of all single cells from tumor tissues only based on the HERV expression. The top 1000 variable HERV loci were used. g Dot plot displaying expression of cell type-specific HERV families for major cell types.