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. 2022 Nov 1;12:18397. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-23076-1

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Transcriptomic analysis of neutrophils. (A) A volcano plot of differential gene expression of neutrophils. DsDNA represents anti-dsDNA antibody titer. mRNA expression between patients with low MPO-DNA complex/CRP and high anti-dsDNA antibody titers (n = 5), and high MPO-DNA complex/CRP and low anti-dsDNA antibody titers (n = 3) was compared. Upregulated or downregulated genes with FDR < 0.05 are in red. (B) mRNA expression of C4BPA in HCs and SLE patients from the ImmuNexUT database. (C) NET score, interferon score, immature neutrophils score, chemotaxis score, and phagocytosis score of HCs (n = 6) and lupus patients (n = 5 for patients with low MPO-DNA complex/CRP and high anti-dsDNA antibody titers and n = 3 for patients with high MPO-DNA complex/CRP and low anti-dsDNA antibody titers) were calculated by the GSVA using previously reported gene sets. DsDNA represents anti-dsDNA antibody titer. NET associated genes consist of CAMP, PRTN3, HP1BP3, GSDMD, CASP4, SELPLG, RAC2, MLKL, PADI4, S100A8, S100A9, MMP9, ITGB2, PADI2, LCN2, MMP8, RAGE, and CORO1A from the previous report by Vanderbeke et al.¹⁹. *P < 0.05; one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparisons test. Error bars represent mean ± SD. Anti-dsDNA: anti-double stranded DNA antibody; CD16p Mono: CD16-positive monocytes; CL Mono: classical monocytes; CM DC8: central memory CD8 T cells; CPM: counts per million; DN B: double negative B cells; EM CD8: effector memory CD8 T cells; Fr. I nTreg: fraction I naïve regulatory T cells; Fr. II eTreg: fraction II effector regulatory T cells; Fr. III T: fraction III non-regulatory T cells; GSVA: Gene Set Variation Analysis; H: high; HC; healthy control; IFN: interferon; Int Mono: intermediate monocytes; L: low; LDG: low-density granulocytes; mDC: myeloid dendritic cells; Mem CD4: memory CD4 T cells; Naïve B: naïve B cells; Naïve CD4: naïve CD4 T cells; Naïve CD8: naïve CD8 T cells; NC Mono: non-classical monocytes; Neu: neutrophils; NET: neutrophil extracellular trap; NK: natural killer cells; pDC: plasmacytoid dendritic cells; SLE: systemic lupus erythematosus; SM: switched memory B cells; TEMRA CD8: CD8⁺ T effector memory CD45RA⁺ cells; Tfh: T follicular helper cells; Th1: T helper 1 cells; Th2: T helper 2 cells; Th17: T helper 17 cells; USM B: unswitched memory B cells.