Supplementary Table 1.
Literature review of histopathologically confirmed cases of plasma cell gingivitis from 1971 to 2020
| Author, year | Gender, age | Location | Predisposing factor | Clinical presentation | Clinical and laboratory investigations | Special stains and immunohistochemistry | Treatment | Follow up |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kerr DA et al., 1977## | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Palmer RM et al., 1981 | Female, 29 | Maxilla | UI | Swollen upper anterior gingiva | NHP^^ | Cytology negative for candidal hyphae | Topical triamcinolone in orabase | 2 years, NR |
| Palmer RM et al., 1981 | Male, 52 | Maxilla | UI | Swollen upper anterior gingiva | NHP | Special stains negative for fungal hyphae | Topical triamcinolone in orabase | 2 years, NR |
| Serio FG et al., 1981 | Female, 36 | Maxilla and mandible | Red pepper | Severe gingival inflammation | NHP, negative Nikolsky's sign | Nonsurgical periodontal therapy | 1 month | |
| Newcomb GM et al., 1982* | Female, 12 | Maxilla and mandible | UI | Erythema, gingival enlargement | - | - | Gingivectomy | 2 year |
| D'Angelo M et al., 1983## | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Maioli S et al., 1984## | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Lubow RM et al., 1984 | M,36 | Maxilla | Dynamints | Ulcerated marginal gingiva | History of psoriasis, NHP except increased eosinophils | NA | Gingivectomy | 8 months, NR |
| Macleod RI et al., 1989** | - | - | Herbal toothpaste | - | - | - | - | - |
| Timms MS et al., 1991 | Female, 70 | Maxilla and mandible | UI | Gingival erythema and laryngeal lesions | Supraglottic laryngeal involvement | Positive reactivity for kappa and lambda light chains and various heavy chains | Systemic steroids | Long term |
| Timms MS et al., 1991 | Female, 32 | Maxilla and mandible | UI | Gingival erythema and laryngeal lesions | Supraglottic laryngeal involvement | Positive reactivity for kappa and lambda light chains and various heavy chains | Systemic steroids | Long term |
| Timms MS et al., 1991 | Female, 57 | Maxilla and mandible | UI | Gingival erythema and laryngeal lesions | Supraglottic laryngeal involvement | Positive reactivity for kappa and lambda light chains and various heavy chains | Systemic steroids | Long term |
| Nitta H et al., 1991* | - | - | UI | Gingival enlargement | - | - | Conventional periodontal therapy | - |
| Sollecito TP et al., 1992 | Female, 61 | Maxilla | UI | Erythematous gingiva | NHP, negative lupus band test and ANA antibodies | Non-specific immunofluorescence, cell marker analysis suggestive of reactive infiltrate | Topical steroids | 3 weeks, remission |
| Sollecito TP et al., 1992 | Female, 62 | Maxilla | UI | Erythematous gingiva | NHP | NA | Topical steroids | 3 weeks, remission |
| Reed BE et al., 1993 | Female, 37 | Maxilla and mandible | UI | Generalized swelling | NHP | Direct and indirect immunofluorescence revealed reactive plasma cells | Conventional periodontal treatment | - |
| Gargiulo AV et al., 1995* | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Mahler V et al., 1996 | Female, 53 | Maxilla | UI | Erythematous maxillary gingiva | NA | 90% IgG producing plasma cells, Special stains negative for fungal hyphae, positive reactivity for kappa and lambda | Topical 2% fusidic acid | 10 weeks, resolution |
| Marker P et al., 2002 | Male, 30 | Mandible | Khat | Erythematous gingiva | Marked bone destruction on imaging | PAS negative for fungal hyphae | Nonsurgical periodontal therapy | 2 weeks, remission |
| Roman CC et al., 2002 | F,13 | Maxilla | UI# | Erythematous gingiva | Low serum and secretory IgA, other hematological and biochemical tests normal | PAS negative, positive reactivity for kappa and lambda | electrocoagulation | 2 years, NR |
| Velez et al., 2005* | - | - | Kitchen cleaning solution | Erythema, enlargement | - | - | - | - |
| Anil S et al., 2007* | Male, 26 | - | - | Inflamed gingiva | NHP | - | Nonsurgical periodontal treatment | 1 to 2 weeks, remission |
| Anil S et al., 2007* | Male, 27 | -- | - | Inflamed gingiva | NHP | - | Nonsurgical periodontal treatment | 1 to 2 weeks, remission |
| Anil S et al., 2007* | Male, 36 | - | - | Inflamed gingiva | NHP | - | Nonsurgical periodontal treatment | 1 to 2 weeks, remission |
| Bhatavadekar N et al., 2008 | Female, 17 | Maxilla | UI | Erythematous gingiva | Periapical imaging normal | - | Surgical excision | - |
| JadwatY et al., 2008* | Female, 19 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Bali D et al., 2012 | Female, 48 | Maxilla | Colocasia leaves | Generalized diffuse gingivitis | NHP | NA | Surgical excision | 2 weeks, NR |
| Lamdari N et al., 2012* | Female, 29 | - | Herbal dentifrice | Erythematous gingiva | - | - | Nonsurgical periodontal therapy and discontinuation of herbal dentifrice | 1 month, remission |
| Wood NH et al., 2012§ | Female, 70 | Maxilla and mandible | UI | Generalized gingival enlargement | - | Gingivectomy | - | |
| Janam P et al., 2012 | Female, 15 | Maxilla and mandible | UI | Generalized gingival enlargement | NHP, NBP | NA | Gingivectomy | 8 months, Mild recurrence |
| Makkar A et al., 2013 | Female, 17 | Maxilla and mandible | Acacia Arabia (herbal extract) | Gingival enlargement with bone loss | NHP, progressive bone loss on imaging | NA | Gingivectomy | Recurrence after 1 year |
| Abhishek K et al., 2013 | Male, 16 | Maxilla and mandible | UI | Gingival enlargement | NHP, NBP | NA | Gingivectomy | 1 year, NR |
| Kumar V et al., 2014 | Male, 42 | Maxilla | UI | Localized swelling in the upper anterior jaw | NHP and severe alveolar bone loss in radiographs | Positive reactivity for kappa and lambda | Surgical excision | 6 months, NR |
| Joshi C et al., 2014 | Male, 27 | Mandible | Herbal toothpowder | Bleeding swollen mass | Negative Nikolsky's sign, NHP | NA | Gingivectomy | 3 months, NR |
| Ranganathan AT et al., 2015 | Male, 20 | Maxilla | UI | Enlarged maxillary anterior gingiva | Nikolsky's sign negative, NHP | NA | Topical chlorpheniramine maleate | 10 months, NR |
| Mishra MB et al., 2015* | Female, 15 | - | Herbal agents in dentifrices | - | - | - | - | - |
| Mukherjee M et al., 2015 | M,26 | Maxilla and mandible | Possibly herbal toothpaste | Gingival enlargement | NHP, negative Nikolsky's sign | CD34, CD117, Ki67, CD43 negative, CD44 positive, positive reactivity for kappa and lambda (10:1) | Gingivectomy | 2 years, NR |
| Prasanna JS et al., 2016 | Female, 19 | Maxilla and mandible | Fixed partial denture | Gingival enlargement | NHP | NA | Gingivectomy | 6 months, NR |
| Prasanna JS et al., 2016 | Male, 15 | Maxilla and mandible | UI | Gingival enlargement | NHP | NA | Gingivectomy | 6 months, NR |
| Negi BS et al., 2019 | Male, 12 | Maxilla and mandible | UI | Gingival enlargement and erythema | NHP | Positive reactivity for kappa and lambda | Laser assisted gingivectomy | 3 years |
| Chauhan Y et al., 2019 | Male, 18 | Maxilla and mandible | UI | Gingival enlargement with cheilitis | Negative Nikolsky's sign, NHP | Positive reactivity for kappa and lambda | Gingivectomy | 8 months, NR |
| Barbe AG et al., 2020 | Male, 33 | Maxilla and mandible | UI | Gingival enlargement | Microcytic erythrocytosis, no anemia, deficiency of Vitamin D and folic acid, electrophoresis showed sickle cell anemia | Positive reactivity for kappa and lambda, IgG4/IgG: 0.279 | Gingivectomy | 6 months, NR |
| Vishnu V et al., 2020 | Female, 13 | Maxilla | Diffuse gingival enlargement | NHP and crestal bone loss in radiographs, AFB; negative, calcium, ACE enzyme levels, cANCA, chest radiograph normal** | NA | Gingivectomy | 1 year |
*Only abstract available full article not accessible; **This case showed foreign body giant cells and granuloma formation histologically along with intense plasma cell infiltrate. Thus, granulomatous diseases such as tuberculosis, sarcoidosis, Wegener granulomatosis were considered as differentials and were ruled out by AFB negativity, normal ACE and calcium levels; normal chest radiograph and cANCA levels respectively; #Thought to be chewing gum associated but on discontinuation of its usage lesion did not disappear and after surgical treatment usage of chewing did not cause recurrence of lesion; ##No abstract available; §This was the case of concomitant PCG with diffuse peripheral odontogenic fibroma. UI - Unidentified; NHP - Normalhematological profile; NR - No recurrence; NA - Not accessed; AFB - Acid-fast bacilli; ACE - Angiotensinconvertase enzyme; cANCA - Antineutrophilic cytoplasmic antibodies; NBP - Normal biochemical profile; ANA - Antinuclear antibody; Ig - Immunoglobulin; PAS - Periodic acid-Schiff; CD - Cluster of differentiation; M - Male; F - Female