TABLE 3.

Summary of the stability rankings of reference genes from studies conducted in Hymenoptera.

Organism	Treatment	Most stable gene(s)	Least stable gene(s)	All genes tested	References
Aphidius gifuensis	Developmental stages	ACTB, RPL13, PPI	RPL29	DIMT, ACTB, RPL3, PPI, TBP, RPII3, 18SrRNA, RPS18, AK, EF1A, RPL27, RPL29	Gao et al. (2017a)
	Sex	RPS18, ACTB, RPL13	RPL29
	Tissue	RPL13, PRII3, RPS18	RPL27
	Diverse diets	RPL13, RPL27, ACTB	18SrRNA
Apis mellifera	Tissues in head	RPS18, GAPDH	TBP, RPL32	RP49, RPL32, RPS18, TBP, TUB,GAPDH	Moon et al. (2018)
	Insecticides	RPL32, ACTIN	RP18S, DORS	ACTIN, TUB, GST, GAPDH, HMBS, RPL32, PL13a, RPS18, SDHA, TBP, EF1A, AK, CHS6, DORS, 18S	Wieczorek et al. (2020)
	Tissues and season	RPS5, RPS18, GAPDH	—	ACTB, EIF, EF1, RPN2, RPS5, RPS18, GAPDH	Jeon et al. (2020)
Atta sexdens rubropilosa	Developmental stages	RPL18, EF1A	GAPDH, ACTIN	ACTIN, EF1A, EF1B, GAPDH, RPL18	Moreira et al. (2017)
	Tissue	RPL18, EF1B	EF1A, ACTIN
Bombus terrestris	Tissue	PLA2, AK	TUB, GAPDH	AK, EF1A, ACTB, RPL13, PLA2, GAPDH, RPP2, TUB	Horňáková et al. (2010)
Bombus lucorum	Tissue	EF1A, PLA2	GAPDH
Cotesia chilonis	Developmental temperature to low temperature	18S, H3, AK	—	18S, EF1, GAPDH, RPL10, RPL17, H3, AK, ACTB	Li et al. (2019)
	Developmental temperature to high temperature	GAPDH, ACTB	—
	Cold temperature to low temperature	RPL17, RPL10	—
	Cold temperature to high temperature	18S, H3, ACTB	—
Lysiphlebia japonica	Developmental stages	DIMT, 18S, RPL13	RPS18,ACTB	EF1A, RPL13, PPI, RPII3, TBP, AK, TUB, 18S, ACTB, RPL27, RPS18, DIMT	Gao et al. (2017b)
	Sex	AK, RPL13, TBP	PPI, RPS18
	Tissue	EF1A, PPI, RPL27	RPS18,TUB
	Different diets	EF1A, RPL13, PPI	DIMT, RPS18
Monomorium pharaonis	—	EF1A, GAPDH, TBP, TBLg2, HSP67	18S	EF1A, ACT5C, TBLb1, TBLg2, RPL5, RPS23, NADH, TBP, GAPDH, HSP83, 18S, HSP67	Ding et al. (2022)
Solenopsis invicta	—	RPL18, EF1B	ACTIN	RPL18, EF1B, ACTIN, TBP, GAPDH	Cheng et al. (2013)