Table 2.
Genetic risk score in the studies on GDM.
| Publishing time | Racial groups | Sample size | Amounts of SNPs | Methods | Outcome event | Variants selection for GRS | Conclusion | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2021 | Ethnic Russians | 1,142 | 6 | SC-GRS | GDM | T2D; GDM | MTNR1B (rs1387153 and rs10830963) is related to GDM |
| 2 | 2020 | Chinese | 1,668 | 17 | wGRS | Children’s overweight and obesity status; obesity-related quantitative traits | blood glucose | Among children of mothers without GDM, per SD increase in maternal GRS for blood glucose was positively associated with a 63% higher risk of childhood overweight and an 86% higher risk of childhood obesity |
| 3 | 2020 | American and Danes | 2,434 | 59 | SC-GRS | Postpartum diabetes | T2D | A higher GRS was significantly associated with a higher risk of T2D |
| 4 | 2020 | 15 centers in nine countries | >5,000 | 390 | wGRS | GDM; high weight of newborn | T2D; physiological characteristics of pregnancy | Positive correlation |
| 5 | 2020 | South Asian and participants living in the United Kingdom | 832 | 14,971,357 | P+T, LDpred, GraBLD | GDM | Glucose-related traits and T2D | The odds ratio of developing GDM was 2- to 2.5-fold higher in participants with the highest PRSs (top 25%) compared with the rest (75%) of the study population |
| 6 | 2019 | Asian | 1,429 | 23 | SC-GRS, DL-GRS | GDM | T2D | The risk of GDM correspondingly increases as the GRS increases (OR = 1.95, 95% CI: 1.46–2.61; OR = 1.99, 95% CI: 1.48–2.70) |
| 7 | 2019 | Pregnant women of European ancestry | 1,939 | 31 | SC-GRS | BMI during the gestational period | BMI | A GRS composed of BMI-associated genetic variants was associated with prepregnancy |
| 8 | 2018 | Indian | 4,018 | 3 | wGRS | Insulin secretion | Insulin secretion | GRS calculated based on the three SNPs associated with insulin resistance showed an increase in insulin resistance by 0.07 (SE = 0.145, p = 0.006) per allele |
| 9 | 2018 | 15 centers in nine countries | 1,931 | 150 | wGRS | FG | FG | Positive correlation |
| 10 | 2018 | US population, the DNBC | 8,722 | 11 | SC-GRS, wGRS | GDM | T2D | The GRS based on the 11 SNPs was significantly associated with the risk of GDM |
| 11 | 2018 | Asian | 1,156 | 10 | wGRS | Weight changes during and after pregnancy (postpartum weight reduction and gestational weight gain) | HbA1c | A genetic risk score of HbA1c is related to long-term changes of HbA1c among women with preceding history of GDM |
| 12 | 2018 | Scandinavian ancestry | 529 | Publicly available GWAS data | wGRS | GDM | FG, 2hG, BMI, T2D | The GRS for FG (GRSFG) explained a similar amount of variance in FG in pregnancy at both measurement occasions as in the MAGIC consortium data |
| 13 | 2017 | Caucasian | 1,996 | 34 | SC-GRS, wGRS | GDM | T2D, GDM, glycemic traits | GRS, which included SNPs known to be associated with T2DM, was associated with the risk of GDM in Caucasians. The OR was 1.10 in SC-GRS (95% CI: 1.07–1.13) and 1.11 in wGRS (95% CI: 1.08–1.14) |
| 14 | 2014 | North America | 296 | 36 | SC-GRS, wGRS, explained variance GRS | GDM, prediabetes, and T2D among women with prior GDM | T2D | An explained variance GRS is associated with both GDM and progression to prediabetes and T2D in women with prior GDM |
| 15 | 2014 | 55% Caucasian, 20% African-American, 16% Hispanic, 5% American Indian, and 4% Asian-American | 3,234 | 34 | SC-GRS | T2D; function of β cells | T2D | The GRS was positively associated with GDM history (OR = 1.05, 95% CI 1.00–1.08) |
| 16 | 2013 | South Korean | 1,637 | 48 | SC-GRS, wGRS | Postpartum diabetes | T2D | The GRS was higher in women who progressed to diabetes after a GDM pregnancy compared with those who showed NGT/IGT |
| 17 | 2012 | 75% Europeans and 25% non-Europeans | 793 | 13 | wGRS | Postpartum diabetes | T2D | GRS including all these 13 SNPs was significantly associated with a higher risk of postpartum diabetes |
T2D, type 2 diabetes mellitus; GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus; GRS, genetic risk score; PRS, polygenetic risk score; SNPs, single-nucleotide polymorphisms; GWAS, genome-wide association studies; SC-GRS, simple count genetic risk score; wGRS, weighted genetic risk score; DL-GRS, direct logistic regression genetic risk score; FG, fasting glucose; IGT, impaired glucose tolerance; NGT, normal glucose tolerance; 2hG, 2-h glucose; BMI, body mass index; SD, standard deviation; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; SE, standard error.