TABLE 1.

The cell sources and features of extracellular vesicles (EVs).

Original of EVs	Recipient of EVs	Content profile	Functions	References
Dental tissue-derived cells
GMSCs	Macrophages	CD73, miR-1260b	Modulation of the inflammatory phenotypes	Jiang and Xu (2020); Nakao, et al. (2020); Shi, et al. (2017); Wang, et al. (2020a)
	MC3T3-E1	TGF-β, VEGF	Bone regeneration
			Wound healing
PDLSCs	BMSCs	miRNAs	Bone regeneration	Kanjanamekanant, et al. (2014); Liu, et al. (2020a); Rajan, et al. (2016); Zhang, et al. (2020a)
	Macrophages	IL-10, TGF-β	Anti-inflammation and immunosuppressive effects
	HUVECs	VEGFA	Angiogenesis
	PDLs	IL-1b	Response mechanical stress
DPCs	DPCs		Dental tissue regeneration	Couble, et al. (2000); Huang, et al. (2016); Wen, et al. (2021); Zhou, et al. (2020)
	ECs		Angiogenesis
Odontoblasts and ameloblasts	Mineralized dentin	DPP	Construct well-mineralized tooth structures	Kidd and Fejerskov (2004); Matsuo, et al. (1986); Rabie and Veis (1995); Wang, et al. (2019a); Zhang, et al. (2014)
	ECM
	SCAPs		Maintain tooth homeostasis
SHEDs	BMSCs	miR-100-5p	Dental tissue regeneration	Jarmalaviciute, et al. (2015); Luo, et al. (2019); Zhuang, et al. (2020)
	Neural stem cells		Treatment Parkinson’s disease
	Chondrocytes		Suppress inflammation in TMJ
Other Cells	Such as Hertwig’s epithelial root sheath cells (HERS), periapical cyst-mesenchymal stem cells (PCy-MSCs), dental follicle cells (DFCs), oral keratinocyte (OKEx), oral mucosa lamina propria-progenitor cells (OMLP-PCs), and salivary gland epithelial cells. However, EVs from these sources have not been broadly studied due to the particularity of the cells.			Kapsogeorgou, et al. (2005); Shi, et al. (2020); Sjoqvist, et al. (2019a); Tatullo, et al. (2019); Yang, et al. (2020a); Zhang, et al. (2020b)
BMSCs	HUVECs	miR-146a	Bone regeneration	Davis, et al. (2017); Liu, et al. (2020b); Liu, et al. (2020c); Liu, et al. (2020d); Liu, et al. (2021); Yang, et al. (2020b)
	Macrophages		Wound healing
	ECs	miR-125a, miR-125b	Improve cardiac function
	PDLSCs		Immunomodulation
	T cells	miR-183 cluster	Induces senescence
	BMSCs
Cancer cells
OSCC	Stromal cells around cancer tissues	hsp90	Tumor treatment	Ono, et al. (2018); Zhao, et al. (2020)
ACC	HPLF	MRPL23-AS1	Facilitate tumor metastasis	Chen, et al. (2020); Xu, et al. (2019)
	Microvascular endothelial cells
Immune cells
Macrophages	BMSCs	miR-378a	Bone regeneration	Kang, et al. (2020); Liu, et al. (2020e)
T cells	Jurkat cells	microRNA-21	Immunomodulation	Dou, et al. (2020); Yang, et al. (2020b)
	Macrophages	Curcumin