TABLE 2.

The cell-independent sources and features of extracellular vesicles (EVs).

Original of EVs	Recipient of EVs	Content profile	Functions	References
Microbiome
P.g.	HPLF	LPS	Accelerate ECM degradation prevents osteogenic differentiating	Fleetwood, et al. (2017); He, et al. (2020); Sang, et al. (2014); Singhrao and Olsen (2018)
	Macrophages		Active inflammation
	Brain		Contribute to AD development
	Lung epithelial cells		Induce cell death
A.a.	HGF	CDT	Deliver virulence factors	Ha, et al. (2020a); Nice, et al. (2018); Rompikuntal, et al. (2012)
	THP-1 cells	LtxA	Cause neuroinflammation
	Brain monocyte and microglial cells	IL-6 and TNF-α
G. adiacens	PBMCs	Virulent proteins	Elicit inflammation	Alkandari, et al. (2020)
S. mutans	C. albicans		Facilitate bacteria cross-kingdom interactions	Wu, et al. (2020); Wu, et al. (2022b)
			Enhancing candida albicans cariogenic ability
Saliva		DPP IV miRNA/proteins	Influence immune response	Chaparro Padilla, et al. (2020); Kim, et al. (2017); Li, et al. (2020); Yakob, et al. (2014)
			Diagnosis
Diet
milk	Osteocytes	CD9, CD81, NT5E, CD59	Bone regeneration	Oliveira, et al. (2020); Sadri, et al. (2020); Tong, et al. (2020)
	Murine placenta and embryos		Facilitate embryo survival
	Gut Microbiota		Immune regulation
Plant	P.g.	Lipids, PA, miR159a	Inhibit pathogenicity of P.g.	Sundaram, et al. (2019)
Other sources	EVs have also been isolated from gingival crevicular fluid, junctional epithelium, and periosteum. Perhaps because these sources are not representative, related researches are very limited.			Atsawasuwan, et al. (2018); Shimono, et al. (1991); Sun, et al. (2019)