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Schematics of the (virus) budding process: (a) The cell membrane adheres with the cargo (virus capsid) through TP interaction; (b) TPs induce a spontaneous curvature 1/R* to the budding membrane, which is function of the conical TP angle θ and TP spacing ℓb on the bud surface; (c) The TP also induces local bending in the rest (flat) membrane of the cell due to the angle θ, with ℓ0 the TP spacing in the resting membrane.
