Table 1.
Baseline characteristics in the clinical recurrence and non-recurrence groups
| Parameters | No recurrence N = 90 |
Clinical recurrence N = 29 |
P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 68.0 ± 8.9 | 69.0 ± 7.0 | 0.523 |
| Gender (male/female, %) | 57/33 (63.3) | 18/11 (62.1) | 0.902 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 23.5 ± 5.1 | 22.9 ± 5.5 | 0.569 |
| Current or former smoker (%) | 49 (54.4) | 14 (48.3) | 0.563 |
| Persistent AF (%) | 42 (46.7) | 20 (69.0) | 0.037 |
| Comorbidity | |||
| Type 2 diabetes mellitus (%) | 14 (15.6) | 6 (20.7) | 0.571 |
| Hypertension (%) | 48 (53.3) | 18 (62.1) | 0.410 |
| Dyslipidemia (%) | 33 (36.7) | 6 (20.7) | 0.111 |
| Chronic kidney disease (%) | 33 (36.7) | 10 (34.5) | 0.831 |
| Coronary artery disease (%) | 7 (7.8) | 3 (10.3) | 0.704 |
| Congestive heart failure (%) | 25 (27.8) | 7 (25.0) | 0.773 |
| Previous stroke (%) | 13 (14.4) | 6 (20.7) | 0.400 |
| CHADS2 score | 1.5 ± 1.2 | 1.7 ± 1.0 | 0.564 |
| CHA2DS2-VASc score | 2.6 ± 1.6 | 3.0 ± 1.3 | 0.258 |
| Medication at admission (%) | |||
| ACE inhibitor or ARB (%) | 44 (48.9) | 14 (48.3) | 0.954 |
| Beta-blocker (%) | 48 (53.3) | 14 (48.3) | 0.635 |
| Echocardiography | |||
| LA dimension (mm) | 40.0 ± 5.8 | 42.7 ± 7.5 | 0.049 |
| LV ejection fraction (%) | 64.0 ± 13.6 | 67.4 ± 11.9 | 0.228 |
| E/e’ | 12.6 ± 5.0 | 11.9 ± 3.2 | 0.375 |
| LAA emptying velocity (m/s) | 48.6 ± 20.9 | 39.0 ± 20.0 | 0.049 |
| Primary measurements | |||
| Anterior LA-LVA (cm2) | 9.1 ± 5.9 | 18.7 ± 13.0 | 0.001 |
| Posterior LA-LVA (cm2) | 5.0 ± 4.5 | 9.7 ± 7.0 | 0.002 |
| Anterior model LA-CV (m/s) | 0.89 ± 0.24 | 0.74 ± 0.23 | 0.005 |
| Posterior model LA-CV (m/s) | 0.95 ± 0.24 | 0.92 ± 0.29 | 0.575 |
| Coefficient of variation in anterior LA-CV (m/s) | 0.46 ± 0.44 | 0.39 ± 0.42 | 0.458 |
| Coefficient of variation in posterior LA-CV (m/s) | 0.57 ± 0.63 | 0.46 ± 0.42 | 0.400 |
Values are expressed as mean ± standard deviation or number (percentage). AF, atrial fibrillation; ACE, angiotensin converting enzyme; ARB, angiotensin II receptor blocker; LA, left atrium; LV, left ventricular; LAA, left atrial appendage; LVA, low voltage area; CV, conduction velocity