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. 2022 Nov 1;19:86. doi: 10.1186/s12987-022-00386-0

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 1 — The Neurovascular Unit. In the CNS, ECs, pericytes, glia and neurons form an interdependency that allows for proper neuronal function and establishes a blood-tissue barrier that controls the passage of solutes and fluids. The BBB and BRB ECs possess unique characteristics that allow for this control, specifically the presence of TJs that seal the paracellular space and low rates of transcytosis. TJs are formed by long strands of transmembrane proteins including: claudins, occludin and tricellulin that are connected to the actin cytoskeleton by scaffold ZO proteins