Table 2.
Rheumatic disease characteristics of SARD patients at COVID-19 onset by outpatient SARS-CoV-2 treatment (n=704).
| Characteristic | All SARD patients with COVID-19 (n=704) | Outpatient treatment | No outpatient treatment (n=278) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Any treatment (n=426)* | Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir (n=307) | Monoclonal antibodies (n=105) | |||
| Rheumatic disease diagnosis | |||||
| Rheumatoid arthritis | 347 (49.3%) | 212 (50.8%) | 156 (50.8%) | 52 (49.5%) | 135 (48.6%) |
| Psoriatic arthritis | 113 (16.1%) | 72 (16.9%) | 62 (20.2%) | 9 (8.6%) | 41 (14.8%) |
| Systemic lupus erythematosus | 87 (12.4%) | 54 (12.7%) | 37 (12.1%) | 13 (12.4%) | 33 (11.9%) |
| Giant cell arteritis and/or polymyalgia rheumatica | 45 (6.4%) | 28 (6.6%) | 13 (4.2%) | 14 (13.3%) | 17 (6.1%) |
| Sjogren’s syndrome | 24 (3.4%) | 12 (2.8%) | 7 (2.3%) | 4 (3.8%) | 12 (4.3%) |
| ANCA-associated vasculitis and other miscellaneous vasculitis | 20 (2.8%) | 15 (3.5%) | 9 (2.9%) | 5 (4.8%) | 5 (1.8%) |
| Systemic sclerosis | 17 (2.4%) | 6 (1.4%) | 4 (1.3%) | 2 (1.9%) | 11 (3.9%) |
| Axial spondyloarthritis | 11 (1.6%) | 8 (1.9%) | 5 (1.6%) | 2 (1.9%) | 3 (1.1%) |
| Mixed connective tissue disease | 11 (1.6%) | 5 (1.2%) | 2 (0.7%) | 2 (1.9%) | 6 (2.2%) |
| Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome | 6 (0.9%) | 3 (0.7%) | 3 (1.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 3 (1.1%) |
| Behcet disease | 6 (0.9%) | 3 (0.7%) | 3 (1.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 3 (1.9%) |
| Takayasu arteritis | 3 (0.4%) | 2 (0.5%) | 1 (0.3%) | 1 (1.0%) | 1 (0.4%) |
| Idiopathic inflammatory myositis | 1 (0.1%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (0.4%) |
| Juvenile idiopathic arthritis | 1 (0.1%) | 1 (0.2%) | 1 (0.3%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) |
| Multiple primary rheumatic diseases | 12 (1.7%) | 5 (1.2%) | 4 (1.3%) | 1 (1.0%) | 7 (2.5%) |
| Immunomodulatory medications | |||||
| Oral glucocorticoid | 51 (7.2%) | 18 (4.2%) | 6 (2.0%) | 12 (11.4%) | 33 (11.9%) |
| Conventional synthetic DMARDs | 484 (68.8%) | 284 (66.7%) | 205 (66.8%) | 71 (67.6%) | 200 (72%) |
| Methotrexate | 232 (33.0%) | 138 (32.4%) | 106 (34.5%) | 32 (30.5%) | 94 (33.8%) |
| Hydroxychloroquine | 214 (30.4%) | 117 (27.5%) | 84 (27.4%) | 26 (24.8%) | 97 (34.9%) |
| Mycophenolate mofetil/mycophenolic acid | 47 (6.7%) | 27 (6.3%) | 14 (4.6%) | 12 (11.4%) | 20 (7.2%) |
| Leflunomide | 42 (6.0%) | 31 (7.3%) | 23 (7.5%) | 7 (6.7%) | 11 (4.0%) |
| Sulfasalazine | 35 (5.0%) | 18 (4.2%) | 15 (4.9%) | 3 (2.9%) | 17 (6.1%) |
| Tacrolimus | 34 (4.8%) | 22 (5.2%) | 9 (2.9%) | 12 (11.4%) | 12 (4.3%) |
| Azathioprine | 23 (3.3%) | 14 (3.3%) | 8 (2.6%) | 5 (4.8%) | 9 (3.2%) |
| Cyclosporine | 17 (2.4%) | 9 (2.1%) | 6 (2.0%) | 2 (2.0%) | 8 (2.9%) |
| Cyclophosphamide | 5 (0.7%) | 4 (0.9%) | 4 (1.3%) | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (0.4%) |
| Apremilast | 3 (0.4%) | 3 (0.7%) | 2 (0.7%) | 1 (1.0%) | 0 (0.0%) |
| Biologic DMARDs | 258 (36.7%) | 180 (42.3%) | 133 (43.3%) | 39 (37.1%) | 78 (28.1%) |
| TNF inhibitor | 144 (20.5%) | 104 (24.4%) | 86 (28.0%) | 15 (14.3%) | 40 (14.4%) |
| CD20 inhibitor | 38 (5.4%) | 26 (6.1%) | 13 (4.2%) | 10 (9.5%) | 12 (4.3%) |
| IL-6 receptor inhibitor | 22 (3.1%) | 17 (4.0%) | 10 (3.3%) | 5 (4.8%) | 5 (1.8%) |
| IL-17 inhibitor | 20 (2.8%) | 14 (3.3%) | 13 (4.2%) | 1 (1.0%) | 6 (2.2%) |
| CTLA-4 immunoglobulin | 20 (2.8%) | 11 (2.6%) | 8 (2.6%) | 3 (2.9%) | 9 (3.2%) |
| IL-23 inhibitor | 5 (0.7%) | 2 (0.5%) | 1 (0.3%) | 1 (1.0%) | 3 (1.1%) |
| B-cell activating factor inhibitor | 4 (0.6%) | 3 (0.7%) | 1 (0.3%) | 2 (1.9%) | 1 (0.4%) |
| IL-12/IL-23 inhibitor | 3 (0.4%) | 2 (0.5%) | 1 (0.3%) | 1 (1.0%) | 1 (0.4%) |
| IL-5 inhibitor | 3 (0.4%) | 1 (0.2%) | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (1.0%) | 2 (0.7%) |
| IL-1 inhibitor | 2 (0.3%) | 2 (0.5%) | 1 (0.3%) | 1 (1.0%) | 0 (0.0%) |
| Targeted synthetic DMARD | |||||
| JAK inhibitor | 16 (2.3%) | 11 (2.6%) | 8 (2.6%) | 3 (2.9%) | 5 (1.8%) |
*
Characteristics of other outpatient treatments: molnupiravir use (n=5), remdesivir use (n=3), and combination use (n=6; 4 received nirmatrelvir/ritonavir and monoclonal antibodies and 2 received molnupiravir and monoclonal antibodies) are shown in Supplemental Table 3.
ANCA, antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies; CTLA-4, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4; DMARDs, disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs; IL, interleukin; JAK, Janus kinase; SARD, systemic autoimmune rheumatic disease; SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; TNF, tumor necrosis factor.