Table 1.
Summary of post-vaccination VKH cases: Demographic features, systemic and ocular characteristics, vaccine type, dose and mode of administration, treatment, visual outcome, and follow-up time
| Dogan et al. [19] | Sood et al. [20] | Campos et al. [21] | Pereima et al. [23] | Kim [22] | Gallagher et al. [24] | Papasavvas et al. [25] | Saraceno et al. [27] | Koong et al. [26] | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age | 39 | 43 | 34 | 45 | 52 | 44 | 43 | 62 | 54 |
| Gender | Male | Male | Male | Male | Female | Female | Female | Female | Male |
| Ethnicity | Caucasian | Caucasian and Cherokee Native American ancestors | Latino | Latino | Indian | Not mentioned | Not mentioned | Not mentioned | Chinese |
| Type of Vaccine | Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) | Single-antigen hepatitis B vaccine | 17 D yellow fever vaccine | 17 D yellow fever vaccine | Influenza vaccine | Influenza vaccine | Pfizer BNT162b2 COVID-19 vaccine | Oxford-AstraZeneca AZD1222 COVID-19 vaccine | Pfizer BNT162b2 COVID-19 vaccine |
| Dose of vaccine | Fourth dose | First dose | Booster dose | Not mentioned | Not mentioned | Not mentioned | Second dose | Not mentioned | First dose |
| Mode of Administration | Intravesical | Not mentioned, but usually administered IM | Not mentioned, but it is administered SC or IM | Not mentioned, but it is administered either SC or IM | Not mentioned, but usually administered IM | Not mentioned, but usually administered IM | Not mentioned, but usually administered IM | Not mentioned, but usually administered IM | Not mentioned, but it is usually administered IM |
| Time interval between vaccine and VKH | 4 weeks after the 1st dose and shortly after 4th dose | 3 days | 10 days | 2 weeks | 4 weeks | 4 weeks | 6 weeks | 2 days | 1 day |
| Treatment | Prednisone | Prednisone and Methotrexate subsequently | Pulse IVMP, followed by prednisone and azathioprine | Pulse IVMP, followed by prednisone and azathioprine | Pulse IVMP followed by oral corticosteroids | Pulse IVMP, followed by prednisone, azathioprine and cyclosporine | Infliximab- loading dose | Prednisone | Pulse IVMP, followed by prednisone |
| Duration of treatment | 6 months | Not mentioned | Not mentioned | 9 months | 2 months | Not mentioned | Not mentioned | Not mentioned | planned for 6 to 12 months |
| Presenting Visual acuity |
RE 20/25 LE 20/50 |
RE 20/800 LE 20/40 |
RE 20/100 LE 20/80 |
RE CF LE CF |
RE 20/30 LE 20/100 |
RE CF LE CF |
RE 20/20 LE 20/20 |
RE 20/600 LE 20/200 |
RE 20/80 LE 20/150 |
| Laterality of uveitis | BE | BE | BE | BE | BE | BE | BE | BE | BE |
| Visual outcome |
RE 20/20 LE 20/20 |
RE 20/30 LE 20/30 |
RE 20/20 LE 20/20 |
RE 20/20 LE 20/20 |
RE 20/20 LE 20/25 |
RE 20/25 LE 20/30 |
Not mentioned |
RE 20/20 LE 20/20 |
RE 20/40 LE 20/40 |
| Time to full visual acuity recovery | One month | 2 months | 3 weeks | One month | 2 months | Not mentioned | Not mentioned | 3 weeks | 13 days |
| Ocular Complications | None | Peripapillary choroidal neovascular membrane | None | Sunset glow fundus | None | Not mentioned | Not mentioned | None | None |
| Systemic Manifestations | Prodrome of headache, malaise | After ocular manifestations, patient developed hearing loss, tinnitus, and integumentary changes | Prodrome of headache, tinnitus, CSF pleocytosis | Prodrome of headache, tinnitus, CSF pleocytosis | Prodrome of tinnitus | Prodrome of tinnitus | Not mentioned | Severe headache and tinnitus | None |
| Follow-up time | 6 months | Not mentioned | 2 years | 30 months | 2 months | Not mentioned | Not mentioned | 2 months | 13 days |
| Associated morbidities | Superficial TCC of bladder | Type II diabetes mellitus | None | None | None | None | None | None | Type II Diabetes Mellitus and hyperlipidemia |
SC subcutaneous, IM intramuscular, RE right eye, LE left eye, BE both eyes, CF counting fingers, IVMP intravenous methylprednisolone, CSF cerebrospinal fluid, TCC transitional cell carcinoma