Table 3.
A summary of meta-heuristic algorithm developments for training/optimization deep learning architectures
| Authors & dates | The deep learning categories | Optimized components: 1. Weights, 2. Layers & Nodes 3. Other Hyper parameters 4. Learning parameters & Activation function |
The meta-heuristic algorithm used for training deep learning | Application / dataset | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | ||||
| Ku et al. [367] | RNN | ✓ | Genetic algorithm (GA) | Prediction and classification problems | |||
| Blanco et al. [368] | RNN | ✓ | Real-coded genetic algorithm (GA) | Benchmark datasets | |||
| Delgado et al. [369] | RNN | ✓ | ✓ | Strength pareto evolutionary algorithm2 & NSGA_II | Time-series benchmark problem | ||
| Bayer et al. [370] | LSTM | ✓ | Non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA-II) | Sequence learning | |||
| Subrahmanya and Shin [372] | RNN | ✓ | ✓ | PSO and CMA-ES | Tow MIMO non-linear processes | ||
| Lin and Lee [371] | RFNN | ✓ | Improved particle swarm optimization (IPSO) | Non-linear system control | |||
| Hsieh et al. [373] | RNN | ✓ | Artificial bee colony algorithm (ABC) | Several international stock markets | |||
| Cheung and Sable [390] | CNN | ✓ | Evolutionary algorithm (EA) | MNIST Variations, rectangles-image and image classification | |||
| David and Greental [41] | DNN | ✓ | Genetic algorithm (GA) | MNIST hand-written digit recognition database | |||
| Shinozaki and Watanabe [40] | DNN | ✓ | ✓ | Genetic algorithm (GA) & CMA-ES | Phoneme recognition and spoken digit detection tasks | ||
| Lander and Shang [42] | DAE | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | Evolutionary algorithm (EA) | MNIST handwritten digits 1 k dataset | |
| Sheikhan et al. [374] | RNN | ✓ | ✓ | Binary gravitational search algorithm (BGSA) | Emotion recognition and speech processing | ||
| Desell et al. [391] | RNN | ✓ | Ant colony optimization (ACO) | Predicting general aviation flight data | |||
| Rosa et al. [43] | CNN | ✓ | Harmony search algorithm (HS) | Fingerprint and handwritten digit recognition | |||
| Chen et al. [375] | DBN | ✓ | Evolutionary function array classification voter (EFACV) | MNIST dataset | |||
| Rosa et al. [44] | DBN | ✓ | ✓ | Firefly algorithm (FA) | MNIST and Semeion Handwritten Digit datasets | ||
| Papa et al. [392] | DBN | ✓ | ✓ | Harmony search algorithm (HSA) | Binary image reconstruction | ||
| Zhang et al. [393] | DBN | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | Multi-objective evolutionary algorithm (MOEA) | Remaining Useful Life Estimation in Prognostics | |
| Tang et al. [377] | DSNN | ✓ | Particle swarm optimization (PSO) | Recognition of motor imagery EEG signals | |||
| Khalifa et al. [32] | CNN | ✓ | Particle swarm optimization (PSO) | Classification problem | |||
| Badem et al. [394] | DNN | ✓ | Hybrid artificial bee colony (HABC) | 15 benchmark data sets | |||
| Gelly and Gauvain [395] | RNN | ✓ | Particle swarm optimization (PSO) | Speech activity detection | |||
| Liu et al. [396] | CNN | ✓ | ✓ | Multi-objective evolutionary algorithm (MOEA) | The MNIST data set and the CIFAR-10 data set | ||
| Song et al. [378] | DDAE | ✓ | ✓ | Ecogeography-based optimization (EBO) | Predicting morbidity of gastrointestinal infections | ||
| ElSaid et al. [397] | LSTM-RNN | ✓ | Ant colony optimization (ACO) | Turbine engine vibration | |||
| Real et al. [376] | CNN | ✓ | ✓ | Evolutionary algorithm (EA) | The CIFAR-10 and CIFAR-100 datasets | ||
| Jiang et al. [22] | DNN | ✓ | ✓ | Modified genetic algorithm (MGA) | Demand Forecasting in Outpatient Department | ||
| Lopez-Rincon et al. [33] | CNN | ✓ | ✓ | Evolutionary algorithm (EA) | Cancer miRNA biomarkers classification | ||
| Ye [37] | DNN | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | Particle swarm optimization (PSO) | Biological activity prediction datasets | |
| Kim et al. [398] | DBN | ✓ | Particle swarm optimization (PSO) | Highly class imbalance problem | |||
| Fujino et al. [399] | CNN | ✓ | Genetic algorithm (GA) | Recognition of human sketches problem | |||
| Lorenzo et al. [400] | DNN | ✓ | Particle swarm optimization (PSO) | MNIST and CIFAR-10 dataset | |||
| Dufourq and Bassett [34] | EDEN | ✓ | Genetic algorithm (GA) | Seven image and sentiment classification datasets | |||
| da Silva et al. [379] | CNN | ✓ | Particle swarm optimization (PSO) | Lung nodule false positive reduction on CT images | |||
| Chen et al. [401] | LSTM | ✓ | Extremal optimization algorithm (EO) | Wind speed forecasting | |||
| Passos et al. [402] | DBM | ✓ | Particle swarm optimization (PSO), AIWPSO, HS & IHS | Binary image reconstruction | |||
| Soon et al. [403] | CNN | ✓ | Particle swarm optimization (PSO) | Vehicle logo recognition | |||
| Peng et al. [38] | LSTM | ✓ | Evolutionary algorithm (EA) | Electricity price prediction problem | |||
| ElSaid et al. [404] | LSTM-RNN | ✓ | ✓ | Ant colony optimization (ACO) | Predict turbine engine vibration | ||
| Lorenzo and Nalepa [405] | DNN | ✓ | Memetic evolution algorithm (MEA) | segmenting medical images and CIFAR-10 benchmark | |||
| Pawełczyk et al. [406] | CNN | ✓ | ✓ | Genetic algorithm (GA) | MNIST set which contains grayscale images | ||
| Fielding and Zhang [407] | CNN | ✓ | ✓ | Particle swarm optimization (PSO) | CIFAR-10 image classification task | ||
| Martín et al. [45] | DNN | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | Evolutionary algorithm (EA) | Dataset of handwritten digits images | |
| Sun et al. [408] | DNN | ✓ | ✓ | Evolutionary algorithm (EA) | Learning Meaningful Representations | ||
| Liang et al. [409] | DNN | ✓ | ✓ | Evolutionary algorithm (EA) | Omniglot Character Recognition problem | ||
| Wang et al. [35] | CNN | ✓ | ✓ | Hybrid differential evolution approach (HDE) | Image classification | ||
| Zhou et al. [380] | DNN | ✓ | ✓ | Water wave optimization (WWO) | Complex network optimization problems | ||
| Khodabandehlou and Fadali [410] | RNN | ✓ | Dynamical trajectory-based optimization (DTBO) | Three non- linear dynamical systems | |||
| Banharnsakun [46] | CNN | ✓ | Artificial bee colony (ABC) | MNIST handwritten image dataset (classification) | |||
| Gao and Li [411] | CNN | ✓ | ✓ | Segmented particle swarm optimization (SPSO) | Land cover and land use classification of RS images | ||
| Wang et al. [39] | CNN | ✓ | Particle swarm optimization (PSO) | Linear prediction model | |||
| Wang et al. [36] | GAN | ✓ | Evolutionary algorithm (EA) | Several image classification datasets | |||
| Fujino et al. [412] | CNN | ✓ | Genetic algorithm (GA) | Anime storyboard recognition problem | |||
| Li et al. [413] | CNN | ✓ | Particle swarm optimization (PSO) | Image classification | |||
| Li et al. [414] | DBNN | ✓ | ✓ | Multi-objective PSO (MOPSO) | Traffic flow forecasting | ||
| Nepomuceno [415] | RRNN | ✓ | Multi-objective optimization (MOO) | System identification and modelling | |||
| Wei et al. [416] | DBN | ✓ | Artificial fish swarm algorithm (AFSA)-GA-PSO | Intrusion detection classification model | |||
| Shi et al. [381] | DNN | ✓ | Particle swarm optimization (PSO) | Digital modulation recognition | |||
| Junior and Yen [417] | CNN | ✓ | ✓ | Particle swarm optimization (PSO) | Image classification | ||
| Navaneeth and Suchetha [418] | 1-D CNN | ✓ | Particle swarm optimization (PSO) | Real-time detection and classification applications | |||
| ZahediNasab and Mohseni [384] | CNN | ✓ | Genetic algorithm (GA) | CT brain and the MNIST hand written digits dataset | |||
| Goel et al. [419] | CNN | ✓ | Grey wolf optimizer (GWO) | An automatic diagnosis of COVID-19 | |||
| Gao et al. [420] | CNN | ✓ | Gradient-priority particle swarm optimization (GPSO) | EEG-based Emotion Recognition | |||
| Martín et al. [421] | CNN | ✓ | ✓ | Hybrid statistically coral reef optimization (HSCRO) | The CIFAR-10 and the CINIC-10 datasets | ||
| Lan et al. [51] | CNN | ✓ | Particle swarm optimization (PSO) | Enhancing heart disease and breast cancer detection | |||
| Tang et al. [422] | LSTM | ✓ | Genetic algorithm (GA) | Traffic Flow Prediction on Urban Road Network | |||
| Elmasry et al. [386] | LSTM-RNN | ✓ | Particle swarm optimization (PSO) | Network intrusion detection | |||
| Guo et al. [383] | CNN | ✓ | Distributed particle swarm optimization (DPSO) | Image classification benchmarks | |||
| Lima et al. [423] | CNN | ✓ | Simulating annealing (SA) | Toward classifying small lung nodules | |||
| Renukadevi and Karunakaran [424] | DBN | ✓ | ✓ | Grasshopper optimization algorithm (GOA) | Liver disease classification | ||
| Jallal et al. [385] | DNN | ✓ | Randomly occurring distributed delayed PSO | Monitoring the energy produced by solar trackers | |||
| Ali et al. [425] | DBN | ✓ | ✓ | Stacked genetic algorithm (SGA) | Heart Disease Prediction | ||
| Hong et al. [382] | CNN | ✓ | ✓ | Genetic algorithm (GA) | Locational Marginal Price Forecasting | ||
| Rajagopal et al. [426] | CNN | ✓ | ✓ | Multi-objective PSO (MOPSO) | Scene Classification in Unmanned Aerial Vehicles | ||
| Lu et al. [427] | CNN | ✓ | ✓ | Multi-objective genetic algorithm (MOGA) | Image Classification | ||
| Lin et al. [428] | DAE | ✓ | Ecogeography-based optimization (EBO) | In-Vehicle Networks-CAN Bus | |||
| Kavousi-Fard et al. [429] | GAN | ✓ | Modified firefly algorithm (MFA) | Securing Vehicles problem | |||
| Johnson et al. [430] | CNN | ✓ | Genetic algorithm (GA) | Image classification dataset: CIFAR10, MNIST and Caltech | |||
| Kan et al. [387] | CNN | ✓ | Adaptive particle swarm optimization (APSO) | IoT network intrusion detection | |||
| Zheng et al. [431] | CNN | ✓ | Genetic algorithm (GA) | Pattern Recognition (parametric eye modeling) | |||
| Pang et al. [432] | CNN & LSTM | ✓ | Particle swarm optimization (PSO) | Hyperspectral imaging classification | |||
| Gai et al. [433] | DBN | ✓ | Sparrow search algorithm (SSA) | Detection of gear fault severity | |||
| Sun et al. [434] | DBN | ✓ | Improved archimedes optimization algorithm (IAOA) | Energy | |||
| Samir et al. [435] | CNN | ✓ | Heuristic-based JSO optimization algorithm | Predicting heart diseases problem | |||
| Liu et al. [436] | DNN | ✓ | Improved particle swarm optimization (IPSO) | COVID-19 spread | |||
| Maoa et al. [437] | CNN | ✓ | ✓ | Genetic algorithm (GA) | Waste classification—Image recognition | ||
| Gao et al. [420] | CNN | ✓ | Particle swarm optimization (PSO) | EEG-based emotion recognition | |||
| Kim and Cho [438] | CNN-LSTM | ✓ | Particle swarm optimization (PSO) | Anomalous query access control | |||
| Zhang et al. [439] | CNN-LSTM | ✓ | Swarm-based optimization | Intelligent human action recognition | |||
| Li et al. [440] | CNN | ✓ | Sea lion insisted on dragon fly modification (SL-DU) | Hardening prediction in steel | |||
| Mohakud and Dash [441] | CNN | ✓ | Exponential grey wolf optimization (EN-GWO) | Skin cancer image segmentation | |||
| Martín et al. [421] | CNN | ✓ | ✓ | Hybrid coral reef optimization (HSCRO) | CIFAR-10 and the CINIC-10 Dataset | ||
| Altan et al. [442] | LSTM | ✓ | Grey wolf optimizer (GWO) Algorithm | Wind speed forecasting | |||
| Roder et al. [443] | DBN | ✓ | hill climb (HC) Metaheuristic optimization | Image classification Dataset | |||
| Mathe et al. [444] | CNN | ✓ | ✓ | Spider monkey-based electric fish optimization (SM-EFO) | Biomedical Signal Processing and Control | ||
| Mahesh et al. [445] | CNN | ✓ | ✓ | Jaya-based barnacle mating optimization (J-BMO) | Biomedical Signal Processing and Control | ||
| Singh et al. [446] | CNN | ✓ | Multi-level particle swarm optimization (MPSO) | Image classification Dataset | |||
| Kumar and Haider [447] | RNN–LSTM | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | Flower pollination algorithm (FPA) | Prediction of Intra‑day Stock Market | |
| Kumar et al. [448] | DNN | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | Genetic algorithm (GA) | Four Image classification Dataset | |
| Chitra and Kumar [449] | CNN | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | Mutation-based atom search optimization (MASO) | Cervical cancer detection | |
| Deighan et al. [450] | CNN | ✓ | Genetic algorithm (GA) | Gravitational wave classification | |||
| Qu et al. [451] | DAE | ✓ | Non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA_II) | Classification problem | |||
| Goel et al. [452] | CNN | ✓ | ✓ | Grey wolf optimizer (GWO) algorithm | Spread of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) | ||
| Liu and Nie [453] | SSAE | ✓ | Invasive weed optimization algorithm (IWO) | Image datasets | |||
| Kumar et al. [454] | LSTM | ✓ | Artificial bee colony (ABC) | Integrating big data driven sentiments polarity | |||
| Das et al. [455] | RNN | ✓ | ✓ | Flower pollination (FP) algorithm | Modeling of electron Beam welding process | ||
| Gong et al. [456] | LSTM | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | Fireworks Algorithm (FWA) | Air-conditioning load data of a union office | |
| Chen et al. [457] | LSTM | ✓ | ✓ | Hybrid coding particle swarm optimization (HCPSO) | Series prediction and Nonlinear system identification | ||
| Bacanin et al. [458] | CNN | ✓ | Firefly algorithm (FA) | Medical image classification (IXI and cancer dataset) | |||
| Sherly and Jaya [459] | CNN | ✓ | Improved firefly algorithm (IFA) | Scene character recognition | |||
| Datta And Chakrabarti [460] | RNN | ✓ | Fire fly-oriented multi-verse optimizer (FF-MVO) | Classification problem | |||
| Alenazy and Alqahtani [461] | DBN | ✓ | Gravitational search algorithm (GSA) | Facial expression recognition (FER) | |||
| Sudha and alarmathi [462] | DBN | ✓ | Interactive autodidactic school (IAS) | Classification problem | |||
| Jammalamadaka and Parveen [463] | DBN | ✓ | Search and rescue (SAR) algorithm | Classification problem | |||
| Gadekallu et al. [464] | CNN | ✓ | Crow search algorithm (CSA) | Classification: Human–computer interaction (HCI) | |||
| Irmak [465] | CNN | ✓ | Grid search optimization (GSO) | Medical image classification | |||
| Arjunagi and Patil [466] | CNN | ✓ | Adaptive spider monkey optimization (AOSMO) | Identifying and diagnosing maize leaf diseases | |||
| Li et al. [467] | RNN | ✓ | ✓ | Adaptive dynamic particle swarm optimization (ADPSO) | Air Quality Index Prediction | ||
| Oyelade and Ezugwu [468] | CNN | ✓ | ✓ | Multiverse optimizer (MVO), SBO & LCBO | Medical image classification | ||
| Tripathi and Maktedar [469] | CNN | ✓ | Lion assisted firefly algorithm (LA-FF) | Classification problem | |||
| Karuppusamy et al. [470] | DBN | ✓ | Chronological salp swarm algorithm (CSSA) |
Intrusion detection system Intrusion detection in cloud |
|||
| Priya and Chacko [471] | CNN | ✓ | ✓ | Improved particle swarm optimized (IPSO) | Medical image classification | ||
| Danesh and Vasuhi [472] | CNN | ✓ | Glow worm swarm optimization (GWSO) | Spectrum sensing ranks | |||
| Zhang et al. [473] | LSTM | ✓ | ✓ | Genetic algorithm (GA) | Upper Limb Activities Recognition | ||
| Farrag et al. [474] | LSTM | ✓ | ✓ | Genetic algorithm (GA) | South Australia State (SA) power system | ||
| Arora et al. [475] | DAR | ✓ | Grasshopper optimisation algorithm (GOA) | Wind Power Forecasting | |||
| Goay et al. [476] | CNN-LSTM | ✓ | Adaptive successive halving Optimization (ASH-HPO) | Transient simulations of high-speed channels | |||
| Liu et al. [477] | LSTM | ✓ | ✓ | Adaptive particle swarm optimization (AHMPSO) | Monitoring of wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) | ||
| Davoudi and Thulasiraman [478] | CNN | ✓ | Genetic algorithm (GA) | Breast cancer classification problem | |||
| Li et al. [478] | DBN | ✓ | ✓ | Simulated annealing cuckoo search algorithm (SA-CSA) | Fault diagnosis of railway freight car wheelset | ||
| Liu et al. [479] | CNN | ✓ | Continuous particle swarm optimization (CPSO) | Hyperspectral Image Classification | |||
| Brodzicki et al. [480] | DNN | ✓ | Whale optimization algorithm (WOA) | Classification Dataset (MNIST) | |||
| Baniasadi et al. [481] | CNN | ✓ | Improved particle swarm optimization (NSBPSO) | Intrusion Detection in IoT Systems | |||
| Paul et al. [482] | LSTM-DBN | ✓ | Sparrow search optimization (SSO) | Water quality index prediction | |||
| Gonçalves et al. [483] | CNN | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | Genetic algorithm (GA) & PSO | Cancer detection | |
| Glaret subin and Muthukannan [484] | CNN | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | Flower pollination optimization algorithm (FPOA) | Multiple eye disease detection | |
| Xu et al. [485] | LSTM | ✓ | Particle swarm optimization (PSO) | Hydrology (Flood forecasting) | |||
| Antony Raj and Giftson Samuel [486] | DRBFNN | ✓ | Boosted salp swarm optimization (BSSO) | PhotoVoltaic (PV) systems | |||
| Hassanzadeh et al. [487] | CNN | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | Genetic algorithm (GA) | Classification (CIFAR10, MNIST, and EMNIST) | |
| Palaniswamy [488] | CNN | ✓ | Swallow swarm optimization (SSO) | Automated bone age assessment and classification | |||
| Jalali et al. [489] | CNN | ✓ | Grey wolf optimization (GWO) algorithm | Wind power forecasting | |||
| Lokku et al. [490] | CNN | ✓ | ✓ | Fitness sorted rider optimization (FS-ROA) | Face recognition | ||
| Ewees et al. [491] | LSTM | ✓ | Heap-based optimizer (HBO) algorithm | wind power forecasting | |||
| Huo et al. [492] | TCN-LSTM | ✓ | Particle swarm optimization (PSO) | Prediction of reservoir key parameters | |||
| Li et al. [493] | CNN-LSTM | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | Particle swarm optimization (PSO) | Reservoir production prediction | |
| Ge et al. [494] | DBN | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | Whale optimization algorithm (WOA) | Safety prediction of shield tunnel construction | |
| Kanna and Santhi [388] | CNN-LSTM | ✓ | Black widow optimization (BWO) | Intrusion Detection Systems | |||
| Jalali et al. [495] | CNN | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | Modified competitive swarm Optimizer (MCSO) | X-ray image based COVID-19 detection | |
| Li et al. [496] | LSTM | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | Grey wolf optimization (GWO) | Wind speed forecasting | |
| Michael Mahesh et al. [497] | CNN | ✓ | Rider border collie optimization (RBCO) | Road intersection classification | |||
| Mohakud and Dash [498] | CNN | ✓ | Grey wolf optimization (GWO) | Medical image classification | |||
| Ahmad et al. [499] | DRaNN | ✓ | Particle swarm optimization (PSO) | Intrusion detection in the industrial internet of things | |||
| Chen et al. [500] | CNN | ✓ | Chimp optimization algorithm (ChOA) | Diagnose Parkinson’s disease | |||
| Karthiga et al. [501] | CNN | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | Grey wolf optimization (GWO) & ABC | Biomedical Signal Processing and Control | |
| Kanipriya et al. [502] | CNN-LSTM | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | Improved capuchin search algorithm (ICapSA) | Malignant lung nodule detection | |
| Hu et al. [503] | LSTM | ✓ | ✓ | Grasshopper optimization algorithm (GOA) | Building Engineering | ||
| Raziania and Azimbagirad [504] | CNN | ✓ | Moth flame optimization (MFO) | Sensor-based human activity recognition | |||
| Falahzadeh et al. [505] | CNN | ✓ | Grey wolf optimization (GWO) | Speech Emotion Recognition | |||
| Vigneshwaran et al. [506] | CNN | ✓ | ✓ | Particle swarm optimization (PSO) | Recognition of partial discharge (PD) | ||
| Jalali et al. [507] | LSTM | ✓ | ✓ | Grasshopper optimization algorithm (GOA) | wind speed forecasting | ||
| Surya and Senthilselvi [508] | LSTM | ✓ | Seagull optimization algorithm (SOA) | Identification of oil authenticity and adulteration | |||
| Balasubramanian et al. [509] | CNN | ✓ | ✓ | Particle swarm optimization (PSO) | Medical image classification | ||
| Pandey and Kamal Jain [510] | CNN | ✓ | ✓ | Opposition-based symbiotic organisms search (OSOS) | Medical image classification | ||
| Challapalli and Devarakonda [511] | CNN | ✓ | ✓ | Hybrid particle swarm grey wolf (HPSGW) | Classification of Indian classical dances | ||
| Rodrigues et al. [512] | CNN | ✓ | ✓ | Genetic algorithm (GA) | Medical image classification—MRI images | ||
| Sasank and Venkateswarlu [513] | CNN | ✓ | Adaptive rain optimizer algorithm (AROA) | Medical image classification | |||
| Kavitha and Prasad [514] | CNN | ✓ | Sand piper optimization (SPO) Algorithm | Medical image classification | |||
| Qader et al. [515] | CNN | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | Improved harris hawks optimization (HHO) | Medical image classification (brain tumor) |
| Karthik and Sethukarasi [516] | DBM | ✓ | Hybrid atom search arithmetic optimization (HASAO) | Natural language processing | |||
| Li et al. [517] | LSTM | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | Grey wolf optimization (GWO) | Water resources management | |
| Gaurav et al. [518] | CNN | ✓ | Hosted cuckoo optimization (HCO) | Speaker identification framework | |||
| Kaushik et al. [519] | DBN | ✓ | Whale optimization algorithm (WOA) | Software development effort estimation | |||
| Liu et al. [520] | LSTM | ✓ | ✓ | Particle swarm optimization (PSO) | Short-term subway inbound passenger flow prediction | ||
| Souissi and Ghorbel [521] | LSTM | ✓ | Genetic algorithm (GA) | Click-through rate prediction- digital advertising industry | |||
| Balasubramanian et al. [522] | DBN | ✓ | Salp swarm optimization algorithm (SSA) | Medical image classification | |||
| Mukherjee et al. [523] | CNN | ✓ | ✓ | Grey wolf optimization (GWO) | Identification of the types of disease | ||
| Ponmalar and Dhanakoti [524] | CNN | ✓ | ✓ | Hybrid whale tabu optimization (HWTO) | Intrusion detection in big data | ||
| Suresh et al. [525] | RNN | ✓ | Flamingo search optimization (FSO) | Disease diagnosis | |||
| Xu et al. [526] | LSTM | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | Whale optimization algorithm (WOA) | Short-term traffic flow prediction | |
| Tuerxun et al. [527] | LSTM | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | Modified tuna swarm optimization (MTSO) | Wind speed prediction | |
| Chandraraju and Jeyaprakash [528] | DBN | ✓ | Chaotic Krill Herd optimization (CKHO) | Diagnosis of breast abnormalities | |||
| Jiang et al. [529] | CNN-LSTM | ✓ | Improved whale optimization algorithm (IWOA) | A Fault Feature Extraction | |||
| Fetanat et al. [530] | CNN-FENN | ✓ | ✓ | Improved Harris Hawks optimization (IHHO) | Medical image classification | ||
| Jiang et al. [531] | LSTM | ✓ | ✓ | Sine–Cosine algorithm (SCA-HHO) | Ship attitude prediction | ||
| Gampala et al. [532] | DBN | ✓ | Hosted cuckoo optimization algorithm (HO-COA) | Diagnosis of COVID-19 | |||
| Li et al. [533] | DBN | ✓ | Particle swarm optimization (PSO) | Product quality monitoring | |||
| Yu et al. [534] | CNN | ✓ | ✓ | Enhanced chicken swarm algorithm (ECSA) | Crack detection of concrete structures | ||
| Li et al. [535] | CNN | ✓ | ✓ | Multi-strategy particle swarm optimization (MSPSO) | Fault diagnosis method for aircraft EHA | ||
| Pellegrino et al. [536] | DNN | ✓ | ✓ | Particle swarm optimization (PSO) & GA | Predicting BRCA1/BRCA2 Pathogenicity | ||
| Mohapatra et al. [537] | CNN | ✓ | Cat swarm updated black widow (CSUBW) | Medical image classification | |||
| Ragab et al. [389] | CNN | ✓ | Enhanced gravitational search optimization (EGSO) | COVID-19 diagnosis | |||
| Shankar et al. [538] | RNN | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | Aquila optimization algorithm (AOA) | Fruit classification |
| Fan et al. [539] | CNN | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | Hybrid Sparrow Search Algorithm (HSSA) | Image classification | |