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. 2022 Nov 2;12:18500. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-22576-4

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity of CA in cell assays. In vitro replication assays performed in Vero CCL81 (A) and Calu-3 (B) cells. Cells were infected with SARS-CoV-2 for 1 h and later incubated with fresh media containing CA at 25 µM or 100 µM. The viral load was quantified by the plaque assay (PFU/ml) in the cell supernatants collected 48 h post-infection. (C) Virucidal assays performed in Vero CCL-81 cells, where SARS-CoV-2 particles were incubated with CA at 25 µM or 100 µM for 1 h and then used to infect the cells for 1 h. The viral load was quantified using the plaque assay to assess the infectious viral progeny. DMSO at 0.2% final concentration was used as control. p ≤ 0.05 (*), p ≤ 0.01 (**), p ≤ 0.001 (***). Results are expressed as individual values (n = 8 for replication assay and n = 4 for virucidal assay) with mean +/− standard deviation.