Table 1.
Demographics—average over entire time period and analysis of change over time
| Variable | Parameter | Estimate | StdErr | R square | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age at injury (years) (mean [SD]) | 59.5 (0.64) | 1.166 | 0.232 | 71.66 | 0.0005* |
| Male (%) | 76.5 | − 0.0078 | 0.0044 | 23.57 | 0.11 |
| Cause of injury | |||||
| Motor vehicle accident | 28.8% (207) | − 0.015 | 0.0041 | 55.44 | 0.005* |
| Motorcycle accident | 15.3% (110) | -0.011 | 0.0037 | 45.98 | 0.015* |
| Bicycle collision | 6.5% (47) | 0.0016 | 0.0026 | 3.64 | .055 |
| Pedestrian | 6.3% (45) | − 0.002 | 0.0027 | 5.03 | 0.48 |
| Fall | 30.7% (221) | 0.02 | 0.0036 | 75.66 | 0.0002* |
| Struck | 3.3% (24) | − 0.0005 | 0.0013 | 1.46 | 0.71 |
| Horse | 3.2%(23) | 0.0033 | 0.0021 | 19.33 | 0.15 |
| Other | 6% (43) | 0.0031 | 0.0021 | 18.22 | 0.17 |
| Arrival at hospital observations | |||||
| Pulse (bpm) | 88 [75–105] | − 0.578 | 0.267 | 31.98 | 0.06 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 139 (33.9) | − 0.097 | 0.387 | 0.63 | 0.81 |
| Respiration rate (per min) | 19.8 (6.57) | − 0.016 | 0.1 | 0.27 | 0.87 |
| Oxygen saturation (%) | 98 [95–100] | − 0.037 | 0.143 | 0.67 | 0.8 |
| Inhaled oxygen fraction (%) | 50.6 (29.4) | − 2.716 | 0.437 | 79.41 | 0.0001* |
| Thoracic injury details | |||||
| Pulmonary contusion (%) | 32.9 | 0.004 | 0.015 | 0.73 | 0.79 |
| Haemothorax (%) | 46.4 | 0.046 | 0.012 | 61.69 | 0.002 |
| Pneumothorax (%) | 34.2 | 0.016 | 0.014 | 12.69 | 0.26 |
| Diaphragmatic injury (%) | 1.5 | − 0.002 | 0.002 | 9.59 | 0.33 |
| Cardiac contusion (%) | 2.2 | − 0.007 | 0.002 | 49.15 | 0.011 |
| Glasgow coma score (GCS) | |||||
| Eye | 4 [3, 4] | 0.028 | 0.01 | 42.45 | 0.022* |
| Verbal | 5 [4, 5] | 0.032 | 0.012 | 39.68 | 0.028* |
| Motor | 6 [6–6] | 0.047 | 0.015 | 49.56 | 0.011 |
| GCS total | 15 [13–15] | 0.076 | 0.039 | 27.23 | 0.08 |
| ISS | 21 [14–29] | − 0.429 | 0.189 | 33.85 | 0.047* |
| RTS | 7.84 [7.55–7.84] | 0.0064 | 0.0061 | 9.72 | 0.32 |
| TRISS | 0.943 [0.871–0.974] | − 0.0092 | 0.0026 | 55.41 | 0.005* |
| MAIS_head_1 (median [IQR]) | 0 [0–1] | − 0.044 | 0.019 | 35.23 | 0.042* |
| MAIS_face_2 | 0 [0-0] | − 0.0053 | 0.0068 | 5.78 | 0.45 |
| MAIS_neck_3 | 0 [0-0] | 0.012 | 0.0034 | 56.54 | 0.005* |
| MAIS_thorax_4 | 3 [3, 4] | − 0.038 | 0.016 | 37.64 | 0.034* |
| MAIS_abdomen_5 | 0 [0-0] | 0.0003 | 0.012 | 0.01 | 0.98 |
| MAIS_spine_6_ | 0 [0–2] | − 0.015 | 0.017 | 7.21 | 0.4 |
| MAIS_upper_extremity_7 | 0 [0–2] | − 0.011 | 0.014 | 5.91 | 0.45 |
| MAIS_lower_extremity_8 | 0 [0–1.5] | − 0.012 | 0.012 | 8.59 | 0.36 |
ISS injury severity score, RTS revised trauma score, TRISS trauma injury severity score, MAIS maximum abbreviated injury scale