Appendix D.

The reviewed studies and information.

	Study	Setting		QoL domains	Functions	Participants	Apparatus	Outcomes
1	140	Training		Physical (multimodal, physical–cognitive)	Not specific	22 healthy older adults	Non-immersive VR-based bicycle training	The VR with cognitive exercise (solving simple puzzles and hitting targets based on the answer) can break the negative link between perception of time spent exercising and performance.
2	125	Training		Cognitive	Memory, attention, and categorization	12 older adults	Tabletop-based AR (mini-games)	The prototype proved able to provide a pleasant social cognitive training because of its simplicity.
3	124	Training		Cognitive	Attention reducing cognitive load	12 older drivers, & 12 younger drivers	In-car AR simulator system—AR-based windshield display	Significant reduction in navigation errors and distraction-related measures compared to a typical in-car navigation display for older drivers.
4	141	Training		Cognitive	Spatial abilities (Wayfinding)	32 older adults 5 and 30 younger adults.	Immersive VR system projection-based VR	Participants exhibited significantly more successes in a VR environment with more wayfinding cues.
5	123	Rehabilitation		Physical	Muscular strength movements	5 older adults and 16 younger adults.	Handheld VR mobile games, bowling and penguin toss iPad – iPhone gesture-based games	The mobile games are an effective means for performing range of physical exercises for older adult and more enjoyable.
6	126	Training		Cognitive	Attention concentration, processing speed memory	43 older adults	Desktop VR based game	The use of videogames leads to the improvement of cognitive functioning and quality of life of elderly people.
7	127	Rehabilitation		Cognitive	Daily living activities	10 older adults	Non-immersive VR system	VR with learning methods hold promise for improving the performance of everyday actions in both healthy elderly and Alzheimer's disease patients.
8	142	Rehabilitation		Physical	Not specific	19 older adults	Motion-based exergame	Physical activity was significantly greater for all game conditions compared with the rest.
9	81	Training		Physical psychological	Gait balance falls efficacy (confidence)	21 older adults	AR-based physical exercise	AR-based Otago exercise is effective for improving balance, gait, and falls efficacy of elderly women.
10	82	Training		Cognitive	Attention (driving performance)	24 individuals 18 to 75 years of age	In-car AR simulator system	The in-car AR system was useful in helping older adults to avoid collision, and more effective for older than younger drivers to encourage safe driving.
11	83	Training		Cognitive	Attention (driving performance)	20 older adults	In-car AR simulator system	The in-car AR system cues show promise for improving elderly driver safety by increasing hazard detection.
12	84	Training		Physical cognitive (multimodal, physical–cognitive)	Balance cognitive load	57 older adults	Motion-based exergame	For users who are at risk of falling, the slowing down in reaction time due to cognitive load is much larger than for users who are not at risk of falling.
13	108	Rehabilitation		Physical	Balance confidence	60 older adults	Immersive VR exergame HMD (BRU)	Microsoft-Kinect BRU-training is an effective intervention to improve balance, increase confidence, and prevent falls in the elderly.
14	85	Training		Physical	Balance	One male 67 years of age	Motion-based exergame	VR-based training program system is much helpful to the improvement of balance ability, and certainly to the prevention of falling.
15	118	Healthcare		Social	Interaction	5 older adults	AR assistive Technology	AR assistive technology makes the usage of a medical drug dispenser (pillbox) easier for elderly people
16	86	Training		Cognitive	Attention	64 older adults	In-car AR simulator system	In-car (AR) system have positive impact for elderly drivers with gap estimation.
17	107	Rehabilitation		Physical psychological	Mobility balance confidence	17 older adults	Desktop VR-based game	PC based VR exergames have the potential to improve mobility and increase confidence, thus, exergames can potentially reduce the risk of falling in older adults.
18	87	Training		Physical	Balance muscular strength	24 older adults	Motion-based exergame motion detection sensor	VR exergame developed in this study was effective in improving muscular strength of lower extremities, not the balance.
19	128	Healthcare		Social	Interaction	48 older adults	AR assistive technology	AR assistive technology & tablet have the potential to promote social interaction and QoL.
20	135	Rehabilitation		Physical	Balance Mobility	18 older adults	AR-based 3D system	This system can enhance balance and mobility in healthy elderly people.
21	109	Rehabilitation		Physical psychological social	Balance gait depression interpersonal relationship	40 older adults	Motion-based exergame	VR training effectively improved balance, gait abilities, depression, and interpersonal relationships among stroke patients.
22	88	Training		Physical	Balance gait	30 older adults	Motion-based exergame	VR game exercise may improve the balance and gait of elderly individuals in communities.
23	89	Training		Physical	Balance gait muscular strength	57 older adults	Motion-based exergame motion detection sensor	Kinect-based exergame is effective in improving walking, muscular strength, and balance in elderly people.
24	90	Training		Cognitive psychological	Mental rotation ability enjoyment	28 older adults	AR-based 3D system hologram	AR-3D training system improved the mental rotation ability. Almost all said that the training was enjoyable.
25	117	Healthcare		Cognitive	Cognitive health screening	13 older adults	Handheld AR game	Handheld AR game is a promising tool for cognitive health screening.
26	116	Rehabilitation		Psychological	Falls efficacy (confidence)	16 older adults	Immersive VR exergame HMD	VR therapy is an effective treatment for fear of falling syndrome.
27	110	Rehabilitation		Physical	Balance	23 older adults	Motion-based exergame	Home-based VR balance training and conventional home balance training. equally effective in improving balance, walking, and quality of life among community-dwelling patients with PD.
28	91	Training		Cognitive	Memory spatial abilities	40 older adults	Desktop VR-based game	Desktop VR game can be an effective way of improving visuospatial, working memory, and episodic memory.
29	115	Rehabilitation		Physical (multimodal, physical -cognitive)	Gait, mobility	302 older adults	Non-immersive VR-based treadmill training	Treadmill training with VR has improve gait and mobility over treadmill training alone.
30	92	Training		Physical psychological	Balance gait enjoyment	20 older adults	Motion-based exergame	The exergames used in this study show promise to improve balance and gait. All participants expressed high levels of enjoyment when playing both exergames.
31	103	Rehabilitation		Physical Psychological	Balance muscular strength confidence	30 older adults	AR-based physical exercise	AR-based Otago exercise can improve muscle strength, balance, and physical functions in elderly women to prevent falls and stimulate confidence.
32	114	Rehabilitation		Physical (multimodal, physical –cognitive)	Balance gait	34 older adults	Non-immersive VR-based treadmill training	Treadmill training with VR, can promote both physical and cognitive function that can transfer to daily living activities and promote health.
33	33	Rehabilitation		Physical	Balance gait	30 older adults	Motion-based exergame	Both types of exercise, exergaming, and conventional were beneficial for older adults’ physical functioning.
34	119	Rehabilitation		Physical	Balance gait	32 older adults	Motion-based exergame	VR video exergame console with the Xbox Kinect improved knee proprioception in older men.
35	93	Training	Physical cognitive (multimodal, physical–cognitive)		Balance flexibility muscular strength processing speed executive functions	30 older adults	Motion-based exergame	VR video exergame improves physical and cognitive functions.
36	111	Rehabilitation		Cognitive	Spatial abilities	20 older adults	Non-immersive VR system	VR-based training for patients with AD; has a significant improvement in long-term spatial memory.
37	104	Rehabilitation		Physical cognitive (multimodal, physical–cognitive)	Balance gait, muscular strength attention concentration	46 older adults	Motion-based exergame	There were no significant differences between the two groups; both interventions provided positive effects on Physical, and cognitive functions of the elderly.
38	94	Training		Cognitive	Spatial abilities (navigation)	44 older adults & 22 younger people	Developed handheld AR	The potential of AR for older adults, as a possible aid tool to manage everyday tasks, such as navigation and planning.
39	95	Training		Cognitive	Spatial abilities (navigation)	18 older adults	Designed handheld AR with glasses	Navigation performance tends to be better with the auditory mode not AR.
40	101	Training		Psychological social	Happiness emotions interactions	63 older adults	Immersive VR system HMD	The VR system reported being less socially isolated, being less likely to show signs of depression, experiencing positive effects more frequently, and feeling better about their overall well-being.
41	96	Training		Physical	Balance gait	23 older adults	Motion-based exergame	VR increases the possibilities of physical training and can improve balance and gait thus help reduce the risk of falls.
42	112	Rehabilitation		Cognitive	Daily living activities	79-year-old woman	Non-immersive VR system	The non-immersive VR successfully trained people with AD to relearn daily activities.
43	97	Training		Physical	Balance mobility gait	20 older adults	Motion-based exergame	VR video exergame console effectively improved balance, mobility, and gait speed of elderly female fallers.
44	105	Rehabilitation		Cognitive	Spatial abilities spatial mental rotation	22 older adults	AR-based 3D system	3D AR system was effective in helping the participants observe and imagine spatial signals and improved their mental rotation skills.
45	113	Rehabilitation		Cognitive	Daily living activities	10 older adults	AR-based 3D system using HoloLens	The 3D AR system had no clear positive effect on the patients’ performance.
46	106	Rehabilitation		Cognitive	Memory flexibility attention	25 older adults	Desktop VR-based game	Desktop VR based game increases visual memory, attention, and cognitive flexibility.
47	121	Rehabilitation		Physical	Balance gait muscular strength	195 older adults	Immersive VR exergame HMD (BRU)	The potential use of VR as a practical alternative to improve balance training outcomes for reducing falls risk in older adults.
48	134	Rehabilitation		Physical	Balance mobility	36 older adults	AR-based 3D system	The 3D-AR system can improve balance in the elderly more effectively.
49	120	Rehabilitation		Physical	Balance gait	28 older adults	Motion-based exergame	VR rehabilitation resulted in a greater improvement in the balance and gait of individuals with PD when compared to conventional physical therapy.
50	98	Training		Physical cognitive (multimodal, physical–cognitive)	Physical activities cognitive functions Spatial abilities attention	38 older adults	Motion-based exergame	VR increased in the level of physical activity performed and revealed an improvement in the executive functioning.
51	99	Training		Physical	Muscular strength	60 older adults	Motion-based exergame	The muscular benefits for the VR games are unclear. However, the games could have other beneficial effects such as on cardiovascular health or well-being.
52	133	Rehabilitation		Psychological	Enjoyment emotions	66 older adults	Immersive VR system HMD	Immersive VR increased positive emotions and decreased the negative emotions.
53	143	Rehabilitation		Cognitive physical (multimodal, physical–cognitive)	Cognitive abilities gait speed and mobility	68 older adults	Immersive VR exergame HMD	Positive effect of immersive VR training on cognitive as well as physical function in older adults with MCI.
54	122	Rehabilitation		Physical	Muscular strength mobility	27 older adults	AR-based physical exercise	AR-based physical exercise were significantly increased muscle parameters compared to the control group.
55	102	Training		Psychological	Happiness, life satisfaction	60 older adults	Immersive VR system + aromatherapy HMD	The results are promising for the promotion of psychological health in institutionalized older adults.
56	59	Training		Psychological	Emotions	319 older adults	Motion-based exergame	Exergames could lead to increase in positive emotions and a decrease in negative emotions over time.
57	100	Training		Physical cognitive	Balance gait muscular strength memory attention flexibility	31 older adults	Motion-based exergame	The findings indicate a positive influence of exergame training on executive functioning. No improvements in physical functions or brain volume were evident in this study.