Mean (+SEM) score following administration of oxycodone (circles), oxycodone mixed with three doses of U50–488H (left column), nalfurafine (middle column), and triazole 1.1 (right column). Sessions lasted 5 min and began 10 min following vehicle or drug administration. Scores are shown in separate panels for scratch (A), facial rub (B), and vomit/retch (C). The shaded area represents the mean (+/−SEM) following vehicle administration. Asterisks represent oxycodone doses and drug mixtures that were statistically different from vehicle (p’s<0.05), and black symbols represent mixtures that were statistically different from oxycodone alone at the corresponding oxycodone dose. Note: oxycodone alone and vehicle represent the same data in Figures 1–3.