Table 3.
Clinical features of the participants with T2DM based on PNI level
| Valuable | Higher PNI (> 50.5, n = 1640) |
Lower PNI (≤ 50.5, n = 1080) |
p-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| PNI | 55.57 ± 0.16 | 47.33 ± 0.15 | < 0.0001 |
| Age (years) | 57.71 ± 0.55 | 62.71 ± 0.60 | < 0.0001 |
| Gender (male, %) | 51.34 | 51.19 | 0.96 |
| Race | 0.07 | ||
| Mexican American | 10.78 | 9.31 | |
| Other hispanic | 6.14 | 5.82 | |
| Non-hispanic white | 59.23 | 63.27 | |
| Non-hispanic black | 12.35 | 13.94 | |
| Non-hispanic asian | 7.24 | 4.24 | |
| Other race | 4.27 | 3.41 | |
| Smoking (%) | 50.5 | 47.18 | 0.1 |
| Non-smoker | 49.50 | 52.82 | |
| Former smoker | 34.27 | 36.17 | |
| Current smoker | 16.23 | 11.01 | |
| DII | 1.59 ± 0.08 | 1.79 ± 0.10 | 0.11 |
| DII < 0 | 22.47 | 16.65 | 0.03 |
| DII > 0 | 77.53 | 83.35 | |
| Energy intake (kcal/d) | 1927.11 ± 35.49 | 1977.53 ± 47.73 | 0.35 |
| Protein intake (g/d) | 77.83 ± 1.78 | 75.60 ± 2.16 | 0.41 |
| DPI (g/kg/d) | 0.871 ± 0.017 | 0.830 ± 0.023 | 0.16 |
| < 0.6(g/kg/d) | 30.684 | 35.165 | 0.272 |
| 0.6–0.8 (g/kg/d) | 20.049 | 20.492 | |
| 0.8–1.0 (g/kg/d) | 20.538 | 15.271 | |
| 1.0–1.2 (g/kg/d) | 10.171 | 10.854 | |
| ≥ 1.2 (g/kg/d) | 18.557 | 18.219 | |
| Hypertension (%) | 69.43 | 73.60 | 0.1 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 32.59 ± 0.21 | 34.21 ± 0.49 | 0.002 |
| BMI category | 0.05 | ||
| Normal (< 25) | 9.11 | 11.91 | |
| Overweight (25–30) | 28.05 | 23.28 | |
| Obese (≥ 30) | 62.83 | 64.82 | |
| DKD (%) | 29.34 | 44.85 | < 0.0001 |
| eGFR(ml/min/1.73m2) | 86.86 ± 0.83 | 79.18 ± 1.05 | < 0.0001 |
| UACR (mg/g) | 62.14 ± 6.94 | 200.69 ± 27.18 | < 0.0001 |
| Serum creatinine (umol/L) | 79.38 ± 0.94 | 90.66 ± 2.42 | < 0.0001 |
| BUN (mmol/L) | 5.53 ± 0.08 | 6.27 ± 0.13 | < 0.0001 |
| Hyperuricemia (%) | 26.63 | 23.90 | 0.22 |
| MetS (%) | 66.31 | 59.64 | 0.03 |
| Triglyceride (mmol/L) | 2.41 ± 0.07 | 1.95 ± 0.06 | < 0.0001 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 4.87 ± 0.04 | 4.59 ± 0.05 | < 0.001 |
| HDL-C (mmol/L) | 1.23 ± 0.02 | 1.23 ± 0.01 | 0.75 |
| HbA1c (%) | 7.01 ± 0.05 | 7.17 ± 0.07 | 0.06 |
| Anemia (%) | 7.46 | 18.58 | < 0.0001 |
| Hypoalbuminemia (%) | 0.06 | 8.65 | < 0.0001 |
| WBC (109/L) | 8.37 ± 0.08 | 7.20 ± 0.11 | < 0.0001 |
| Lymphocyte (109/L) | 2.54 ± 0.04 | 1.67 ± 0.03 | < 0.0001 |
| Neutrophils (109/L) | 4.90 ± 0.07 | 4.69 ± 0.09 | 0.06 |
| NLR | 2.07 ± 0.04 | 3.06 ± 0.07 | < 0.0001 |
| RDW (%) | 13.86 ± 0.04 | 14.36 ± 0.07 | < 0.0001 |
| Insulin use (%) | 13.23 | 22.54 | < 0.001 |
| OHA (%) | 67.95 | 62.13 | 0.05 |
| Decreased (%) | 5.398 | 12.903 | < 0.001 |
Data is presented as the mean ± standard error (SE) or percentages
PNI, prognostic nutritional index; DII, dietary inflammatory index; DPI, diet protein intake; BMI, body mass index; DKD, diabetic kidney disease; e-GFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; UACR, urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; MetS, metabolic syndrome; HDL-C, high density lipoprotein cholesterol; HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin A1c; WBC, white blood cell; NLR, Neutrophil lymphocyte ratio; RDW, red cell distribution width; OHA, Oral hypoglycemic agents