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Effects of betaine on LPS-induced inflammatory cytokine production in mice hippocampus. (a–e) The expression levels of IL-1β, IL-6, IL18, TNF-α, and IL-10 in mouse hippocampus were determined by ELISA, with minocycline as the positive control. The results were expressed as mean ± SEM; ##P < 0.01 and ###P < 0.001 compared to the normal control group; ∗P < 0.05 and ∗∗P < 0.01 compared to the model group, n = 4.
