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. 2022 Oct 14;61(4):579–596. doi: 10.1007/s00411-022-01000-5

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — Upper panel: ICRP voxel phantom of spongiosa in lumbar spine and cranium (ICRP 2009). Lower panel: from bone to bone marrow phantom (Hobbs et al. 2012), A Structure of upper arm bone (humeri) which shows the spongiosa, the medullary cavity and the cortical bone; B Spongiosa which shows the trabecular bone, red bone marrow, yellow bone marrow and the endosteum; C Mathematical phantom model for red bone marrow, which shows the trabecular marrow cavity and the osteoprogenitor cells (blue), hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (brown), and adipose cells (white). Figures reproduced with permission by ICRP and IOP Publishing