. 2022 Jan 25;32(4):937–973. doi: 10.1007/s11065-021-09531-2

Table 1.

The key components that characterize language in use (based on Clark, 1996)

Components	Definition	Sub-components
Interactive	Joint activity between two people. Actions of one person depend on those of the other.	$∙$ Feedback or backchannels $∙$ Co-construction of dialogue $∙$ Common ground
Multimodal	Multiple interdependent channels of communication are available and integrate into a single composite message. Different channels replace, supplement, complement, and emphasize speech.	$∙$ Language $∙$ Prosody $∙$ Gesture $∙$ Facial expressions $∙$ Body posture
Contextual (relies on common ground)	Common ground provides interlocutors with context that allows them to assume a degree of “givenness” of information, or directly use physical referents during communication. This relieves the communicative burden.	Pre-existing: $∙$ Communal common ground $∙$ Personal common ground Discourse representation: $∙$ Situational context $∙$ Communicative context

Components

Definition

Sub-components

Interactive

Joint activity between two people. Actions of one person depend on those of the other.

$∙$ Feedback or backchannels

$∙$ Co-construction of dialogue

$∙$ Common ground

Multimodal

Multiple interdependent channels of communication are available and integrate into a single composite message. Different channels replace, supplement, complement, and emphasize speech.

$∙$ Language

$∙$ Prosody

$∙$ Gesture

$∙$ Facial expressions

$∙$ Body posture

Contextual (relies on common ground)

Common ground provides interlocutors with context that allows them to assume a degree of “givenness” of information, or directly use physical referents during communication. This relieves the communicative burden.

Pre-existing:

$∙$ Communal common ground

$∙$ Personal common ground

Discourse representation:

$∙$ Situational context

$∙$ Communicative context