Table 2.

Summary table on established and experimental therapies for retinal diseases

Retinal diseases	Established and experimental therapies*
Diabetic retinopathy (DR)	• Blood sugar and blood pressure control to prevent DR • Laser photocoagulation to reduce neovascularization • Injection of anti-VEGF to prevent vascular leakage • Eye surgery to remove partial vitreous humor • Chronic steroid supplementation
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD)	• Intravitreal injection of anti-VEGF medicines (ranibizumab, aflibercept, and brolucizumab) to treat wet AMD • Oral supplements of vitamins • Photodynamic therapy (PDT) destroys the abnormal blood vessels that cause wet AMD
Glaucoma	• Prescription eyedrops (prostaglandins, beta blockers, alpha-adrenergic agonists, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, rho kinase inhibitors, miotic or cholinergic agents) to decrease eye pressure • Oral medications, usually a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor • Laser trabeculoplasty to treat open-angle glaucoma • Trabeculectomy to remove part of the trabecular meshwork • Drainage tubes to lower eye pressure • Minimally invasive glaucoma surgery to lower eye pressure • Laser peripheral iridotomy to treat acute angle-closure glaucoma • Cell transplantation to repair or replace damaged retinal tissues. *