Fig. 4.

Cytokine levels in culture medium of AV3 cells that had been incubated with 0.25 ml of culture medium from EV-negative or EV-positive cases (cells were cultured in T25 flasks containing 5 ml of medium for 3 days, trypsinised and cultured again with fresh medium for 3 days). Each supernatant was tested in duplicate for a panel of 22 cytokines using Luminex xMAP Technology assays. Each symbol represents a single measurement. Results are shown as scatterplots with mean ± SD. Compared with cultures exposed to virus-negative supernatants, those exposed to EV-positive supernatants produced significantly enhanced levels of IL-6, IL-8 and MCP1 (**p<0.01), but not of other cytokines