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Bias (a) and just noticeable difference (JND) (b) of all participants in Experiment 1. As depicted, participants showed a strong overestimation bias (bias > 0) in all conditions, and their variability did not differ among conditions and rotation directions. Data points represent individual biases and JNDs; error bars are standard errors. **** = p < 0.0001; *** = p < 0.001
