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. 2022 Nov 2;12:18492. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-23090-3

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Atrial fibrillation. (a) Disease-specific comorbidity clusters represented in two-dimensional latent space of VAE model. (b) Age distribution of the clusters, and (c) age- and sex distributions of I48 diagnosis among original 1 M patients (d) The prevalence of the 10 most frequent diagnoses in comorbidity clusters shown on a heat map. Some diagnoses, e.g. other cardiac arrythmias, diabetes mellitus, and diverticular disease of the intestine, demonstrate cluster specificity, whereas pneumonia, heart failure, hypertension, and ischemic heart disease are more widely distributed across clusters. (e) Kaplan–Meier plot showing variation in cluster-specific survival rates. (f) Distribution of laboratory measurements of selected tests. Only clusters with statistically significant (FDR 0.1%) results shown.