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. 2022 Nov 2;12:18529. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-23304-8

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Schematic illustration of in vitro and in vivo studies (Graphical Abstract). The genetically manipulated procedure was begun by constructing pcDNA3.1(-)-VEGF recombinant expression vector and then transfected into the fibroblast cells. Following the selection of fibroblast cells with hygromycin, recombinant cells were investigated in terms of VEGF expression by (A) real-time PCR and (B) western blotting methods. After the scaffold fabrication process, the mechanical, physical, and survival properties of polyurethane-cellulose acetate (PU-CA) scaffold were investigated. (C) Manipulated fibroblast cells were seeded on a PU-CA scaffold to assess the angiogenic potential in four groups containing control, PU-CA, PU-CA with fibroblast cells, and VEGF-expressing cells on different days. The healing process and angiogenesis were histopathologically evaluated by H&E, Masson’s trichrome staining, and the IHC test via the CD31 marker.