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. 2022 Nov 2;13:6566. doi: 10.1038/s41467-022-34257-x

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — a The process overview of conventional RT vs. AI-accelerated All-in-One RT. The RT workflow can be divided into four steps, in which treatment planning step can be accelerated by AI. Conventional treatment planning includes manual contouring of organs-at-risk (OARs), clinical target volume (CTV), and planning target volume (PTV), followed by the planning procedures. The contouring step can be accelerated by AI algorithms, followed by an oncologist’s review with minimal required modification. b The time scales of contouring and RT workflow in the conventional RT and the AI-accelerated All-in-One RT, respectively. The contouring step can be accelerated by AI from hours to seconds, and the whole RT process can be shortened from days to minutes.