Table 2.
Timing and number of bacterial and viral infections in the first 12 months of life by antibody and diabetes status
| Infection number/timing | AB+ status | Multi-AB+ status | T1D status | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No AB+ (n=1175) |
Any AB+ (n=842) |
p value | Not multi-AB+ (n=1781) |
Multi-AB+ (n=236) |
p value | Did not develop T1D (n=1883) |
Developed T1D (n=134) |
p value | |
| Age at first infection (months) | |||||||||
| None | 338 (28.8) | 199 (23.6) | 0.021 | 474 (26.6) | 63 (26.7) | 0.218 | 498 (26.4) | 39 (29.1) | 0.320 |
| 0 to < 3 | 319 (27.1) | 274 (32.5) | 511 (28.7) | 82 (34.7) | 547 (29.0) | 46 (34.3) | |||
| 3 to < 6 | 251 (21.4) | 177 (21.0) | 383 (21.5) | 45 (19.1) | 406 (21.6) | 22 (16.4) | |||
| 6–12 | 267 (22.7) | 192 (22.8) | 413 (23.2) | 46 (19.5) | 432 (22.9) | 27 (20.1) | |||
| Age at first viral infection | |||||||||
| None | 448 (38.1) | 290 (34.4) | 0.197 | 656 (36.8) | 82 (34.7) | 0.663 | 690 (36.6) | 48 (35.8) | 0.992 |
| 0 to < 3 | 235 (20.0) | 186 (22.1) | 369 (20.7) | 52 (22.0) | 393 (20.9) | 28 (20.9) | |||
| 3 to < 6 | 213 (18.1) | 174 (20.7) | 336 (18.9) | 51 (21.6) | 360 (19.1) | 27 (20.1) | |||
| 6–12 | 279 (23.7) | 192 (22.8) | 420 (23.6) | 51 (21.6) | 440 (23.4) | 31 (23.1) | |||
| Age at first bacterial infection | |||||||||
| None | 752 (64.0) | 484 (57.5) | 0.006 | 1094 (61.4) | 142 (60.2) | 0.096 | 1159 (61.6) | 77 (57.5) | 0.057 |
| 0 to < 3 | 116 (9.9) | 116 (13.8) | 194 (10.9) | 38 (16.1) | 209 (11.1) | 23 (17.2) | |||
| 3 to < 6 | 113 (9.6) | 78 (9.3) | 173 (9.7) | 18 (7.6) | 184 (9.8) | 7 (5.2) | |||
| 6–12 | 194 (16.5) | 164 (19.5) | 320 (18.0) | 38 (16.1) | 331 (17.6) | 27 (20.1) | |||
| Total number of infections | 2 (0–3) | 2 (1–4) | 0.002 | 2 (0–3) | 2 (0–4) | 0.367 | 2 (0–4) | 2 (0–4) | 0.950 |
| Number of viral infections | 1 (0–2) | 1 (0–3) | 0.015 | 1 (0–2) | 1 (0–3) | 0.459 | 1 (0–3) | 1 (0–2) | 0.584 |
| Number of bacterial infections | 0 (0–1) | 0 (0–1) | 0.005 | 0 (0–1) | 0 (0–1) | 0.492 | 0 (0–1) | 0 (0–1) | 0.346 |
| Number of infections at age < 3 months | 0 (0–1) | 0 (0–1) | 0.007 | 0 (0–1) | 0 (0–1) | 0.039 | 0 (0–1) | 0 (0–1) | 0.153 |
| Number of infections at age between 3 and 6 months | 0 (0–1) | 0 (0–1) | 0.119 | 0 (0–1) | 0 (0–1) | 0.408 | 0 (0–1) | 0 (0–1) | 0.911 |
| Number of infections at age between 6 and 12 months | 1 (0–2) | 1 (0–2) | 0.023 | 1 (0–2) | 1 (0–2) | 0.976 | 1 (0–2) | 1 (0–2) | 0.457 |
Values are n (%) for categorical variables and median (IQR) for continuous variables
p values were calculated using χ2 test unless the number of observations in an individual cell was less than 10, then the Fisher’s exact test was utilised. The Wilcoxon rank sum test for continuous variables
AB+, antibody-positive; T1D, type 1 diabetes