Table 3.

Selected effects of TCMs on PD-1/PD-L1 linkage

Class of TCM studied	ICB expression studied	Mode of study	Combination	Cancer	Year	Ref.
Qiyusanlong	PD-1/PD-L1	In vivo	Nil	Lung	2016	[73]
Ginsenoside Rg3	PD-L1	In vitro	ChT	Lung	2017	[74]
Baicalein	PD-L1	In vitro	Nil	HCC	2019	[75]
Gegen Qinlian	PD-1	In vitro	Nil	CRC	2019	[76]
Bu-zhong-yi-qi	PD-1/PD-L1	Clinical + in vitro	ChT	Gastric	2020	[77]
Ginsenoside Rk1	PD-L1	In vitro + in vivo	Nil	Lung	2020	[78]
Biochanin A	PD-L1	In vitro + in vivo	Nil	CRC	2022	[79]
Pien Tze Huang	PD-L1	In vitro + in vivo	Nil	CRC	2022	[80]

Recently, various classes of TCM preparations have increasingly been found to have suppression of ICB effects. Here, selected effects of TCM on PD-1/PD-L1 linkage are highlighted. Ref.: reference