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. 2022 Oct 20;16:1022455. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2022.1022455

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Copyright © 2022 Chen, Liu, Song, Zhao, Li, Sun and Liu.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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The mechanism of acupuncture protecting from neuroinflammation and neuronal sensitization of migraine. The yellow line through the brain represents the pain pathway. The factors are shown with up and down arrows, which represent up- or down-regulation from acupuncture. The pathways with minus on the line are inhibited by acupuncture. 5-HT, 5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HTR, 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor; BDNF, brain-derived neurotrophic factor; TrkB, tropomyosin kinase B; CB1, cannabinoid 1; CB1R, cannabinoid 1 receptor; CGRP, calcitonin gene-related peptide; CALCRL, calcitonin receptor-like receptor; COX2, cyclooxygenase-2; CREB, cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element binding protein; ERK, extracellular signal-regulated kinase; Glu, glutamate; GluR, glutamate receptor; GPCRs, G protein-coupled receptors; IL-1β, interleukin-1β; IL-6, interleukin-6; MLCK, myosin light chain kinase; PACAP, pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide; PACAPR, pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide receptor; PAG, periaqueductal gray; PGE2, prostaglandin E2; PI3K, phosphoinositide 3-kinase; PKA, protein kinase; PPE, plasma protein extravasation; RMg, raphe magnus nucleus; RVM, rostroventromedial medulla; SP, substance P; SPR, substance P receptor; TCC, trigeminocervical complex; TG, trigeminal ganglion; TNC, trigeminal nucleus caudalis; TNFα, tumor necrosis factor α; TRPV1, transient receptor potential vanilloid 1; VIP, vasoactive intestinal peptide; VIPR, vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor; VPM, ventro-posterior medial thalamic nucleus.