TABLE 2.

CPCs in immature, mature and elder cartilage.

Species	Age	Gender	Sites	Severity	Isolated method	Results	Ref
Rat	3 weeks old		Weightbearing region of the medial femoral condyles cartilage	Partial thickness articular cartilage injuries	In vivo and ex vivo	After injury, CD105+ and CD166+ cells were identified in the superficial and transitional zones of the articular cartilage, but few CD166+ cells were found in mature articular cartilage. No differences were found in mature and immature ex vivo	Mukoyama et al. (2015)
	12 weeks old
Bovine	6–9 months		Distal femoral condyles cartilage	Normal cartilage	Ex vivo	Immature cartilage tissue harbored more STRO-1+ cells	Otsuki et al. (2010)
	>2 years
Mouse	2 weeks				Injury induction	Immature cartilage tissue showed higher repair potential
	3 months
Human	20–24 weeks	3 M/5 F	Femoral condyle cartilage	Normal cartilage	CD105+/CD166+ sorting	Lower chondrogenic and spontaneous osteogenic differentiation were detected only in elder person	Chang et al. (2011)
	28–45 years	7 M/4 F
	60–75 years	5 M/3 F
Mouse	P3-P5		Epiphyseal articular cartilage	Normal cartilage	Fibronectin attachment	b-catenin signaling increased the number of CPCs and prg4 expression in CPCs	Yasuhara et al. (2011)
Human	58 ± 65.2 years old (N = 5)	4 M/1 F	Femoral head cartilage	Normal cartilage	CD105+/CD166+ sorting	CPCs in OA showed decreased differentiation abilities and enhanced Wnt/b-catenin activity. Inhibition of Wnt/b-catenin signaling or activation this pathway by p53 could promote OA CPCs or normal CPCs proliferation and differentiation, respectively	Xu et al. (2014)
	49.5–55.5 years old (N = 10)	8 M/2 F	Femoral condyles cartilage	OA cartilage