Table 3.
Association between Autism and Anxiety or Depression by ADHD Among Male and Female US Adolescents 12–17 Years
| ADHD | % (SE) | Percentage difference: autism—no autism | Interaction: autism x ADHD | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Autism | No autism | RD [95%CI] | t | p | AIC_RD [95%CI] | t | p | |
| Prevalence of Anxiety | ||||||||
| Male Adolescents | ||||||||
| All | 51.7 (3.28) | 9.2 (0.37) | 42.5 [36.1, 49.0] | 12.89 | < .001 | |||
| ADHD | 69.2 (3.74) | 27.3 (1.37) | 41.9 [35.9, 48.0] | 13.51 | < .001 | 11.1 [−1.2, 23.5] | 1.77 | .076 |
| No ADHD | 36.7 (5.44) | 5.9 (0.35) | 30.8 [20.1, 41.5] | 5.63 | < .001 | |||
| Female adolescents | ||||||||
| All | 67.3 (5.02) | 14.7 (0.45) | 52.6 [42.7, 62.4] | 10.44 | < .001 | |||
| ADHD | 71.6 (6.44) | 43.7 (2.00) | 27.8 [14.6, 41.1] | 4.13 | < .001 | −21.8 [−42.8, −0.8] | −2.04 | .042 |
| No ADHD | 62.0 (8.32) | 12.4 (0.45) | 49.7 [33.4, 66.0] | 5.97 | < .001 | |||
| Prevalence of depression | ||||||||
| Male adolescents | ||||||||
| All | 24.3 (2.43) | 6.1 (0.35) | 18.2 [13.3, 23.0] | 7.37 | < .001 | |||
| ADHD | 38.3 (3.74) | 19.6 (1.24) | 18.7 [11.0, 26.3] | 4.77 | < .001 | 11.9 [3.1, 20.7] | 2.65 | .008 |
| No ADHD | 10.4 (2.19) | 3.6 (0.34) | 6.8 [2.4, 11.1] | 3.04 | .002 | |||
| Female adolescents | ||||||||
| All | 35.3 (4.51) | 9.4 (0.40) | 25.9 [17.0, 34.8] | 5.73 | < .001 | |||
| ADHD | 38.8 (5.52) | 30.9 (1.85) | 7.9 [−3.5, 19.2] | 1.36 | .175 | −15.6 [−35.0, 3.9] | −1.57 | .116 |
| No ADHD | 31.2 (8.03) | 7.8 (0.40) | 23.4 [7.7, 39.2] | 2.91 | .004 | |||
% = Average predicted marginal percentage of male (female) adolescents who had anxiety or depression adjusted for Age, Race, and Survey Year, SE = Standard error of estimate, RD = Risk Difference (Autism—No Autism), 95% CI = 95% Confidence Interval, t = t statistic, p = probability (significance level), AIC_RD = Additive Interaction Contrast, all percentages and statistics weighted to original sample