Table 3.

Carbon budget (g C m⁻² year⁻¹) of different types of ecosystem

Ecosystem type	Country	ECB method	C Budget (g C m−2 year−1)	Reference
Forest
Pinus sylvestris (40 years old)	South Finland	Eddy covariance	+ 228	Kolari et al. (2004)
Pinus pinaster	Les Landes, France	Eddy covariance	− 200 to − 340	Kowalski et al. (2003)
Boreal and temperate forest	Ontario, Canada	CBM-CFS2 model	− 40	Liu et al. (2002)
Forest ecosystem	Ontario, Canada	CBM-CFS2 model	− 43	Peng et al. (2000)
Native forest	New Zealand	Mass balance and modelling	− 136	Tate et al. (2000)
Agriculture
Mixed crops agriculture	Denmark	Eddy covariance	− 31	Soegaard et al. (2003)
Corn crop	Ohio, USA	Cropland ecosystem model	+ 26	Evrendilek and Wali (2004)
No tillage — corn-soybean mixed crop	North Central USA	Eddy covariance	+ 90	Hollinger et al. (2005)
Chisel ploughed, fertilized — corn crop	Wisconsin, USA	Difference method	− 90 to + 590	Brye et al. (2002)
No tillage, fertilized — corn crop	Wisconsin, USA	Difference method	− 210 to + 430	Brye et al. (2002)
Grassland
Miscanthus sinensis	Nagano, Japan	Ecological method	− 100 to -56	Yazaki et al. (2004)
Pasture	New Zealand	Mass balance and modelling	− 414	Tate et al. (2000)
Grassland	Cork, Ireland	Eddy covariance	+ 236	Leahy et al. (2004)
Tall grass prairie	Oklahoma, USA	Eddy covariance	− 8	Suyker and Verma (2001)
Tall grass prairie	Wisconsin, USA	Difference method	− 410 to + 70	Brye et al. (2002)
Mixed grass prairie	North Dakota, USA	Soil flux	+ 31	Frank and Dugas (2001)
Moist mixed prairie	Alberta, Canada	Eddy covariance	-18 to + 21	Flanagan et al. (2002)
Reclaimed mine site
Revegetated mine spoil (19 years old)	Singrauli, India	Ecological method	8.40 (t C ha−1 year−1)	Singh et al. (2012)
Revegetated mine spoil (19 years old)	Singrauli, India	Ecological method	354.79	Tripathi et al. (2014)
Afforested mine soil (7 years old)	Jharkhand, India	Ecological method	− 6.44	Ahirwal et al. (2021)