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. 2022 Nov 3;1(4-5):365–383. doi: 10.1007/s44164-022-00035-8

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — Cytokine release by MDM in the co-culture system after 48 h after the treatment of 5-ASA, prednisolone, 6-MP, and infliximab. A TNF-α: as a TNF-α antibody infliximab inhibited the TNF-α release by the macrophages. Prednisolone and 6-MP only had a slight effect on the release compared to the LPS control, whereas 5-ASA had a stronger effect. B IL-6: the release of IL-6 could be significantly reduced in comparison to the LPS control by the treatment with prednisolone, whereas 5-ASA, 6-MP, and infliximab only showed a small effect. C IL-8: a significant decrease of the secreted IL-8 was achieved after the treatment with 5-ASA, prednisolone and infliximab. D IL-10: the overall IL-10 content was low in comparison to the pro-inflammatory cytokine release. The highest release of IL-10 was observed after the treatment with infliximab. LOD = limit of detection. Results are represented as mean ± SD for in summary n = 6 wells for each group performed in three biological replicates. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, and ***p < 0.001 indicate significant difference