Table 2.
Common solvents and extraction methods used to obtain isoflavonoid-rich extracts from Millettia species
| Solvent used/Extraction condition | Isolation method | Class of isoflavonoid | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Methanol/RT | RP-HPLC | Prenylated isoflavones (46, 54, 106) | Kikuchi et al. (2007) |
| Ethanol/RT | RP-HPLC | Prenylated isoflavones (91, 78, 102, 98); Rotenoid (136) | Ye et al. (2012a) |
| CCC | Rotenoid (127, 118, 137); Prenylated isoflavone (99) | Ye et al. (2012a) | |
| CC, VLC, P-TLC | Aglycone isoflavones (12); Prenylated isoflavones (46, 47, 101, 48); Rotenoid (119–126) | Pancharoen et al. (2008) | |
| 95% Ethanol/RT | Silica gel packed CC | Isoflavan (3) | Dat et al. (2019) |
| Aglycone isoflavones (9) | Dat et al. (2019) | ||
| Glycosylated isoflavones (28, 29, 37, 40) | Cheng et al. (2005); Dat et al. (2019) | ||
| Prenylated isoflavones (53, 91, 94, 84, 85, 87, 72) | Ye et al. (2014)* | ||
| Sephadex LH-20 packed CC | Glycosylated isoflavones (36, 37) | Cheng et al. (2005) | |
| Aglycone isoflavone (10) | Tang et al. (2016) | ||
| CCC/HSCCC | Prenylated isoflavones (45,45, 83, 97, 99, 73) Rotenoid (127, 118,137) | Ye et al. (2014)*; Ye et al (2012a); Tang et al. (2016)*; Ye et al. (2008; 2012a) | |
| SemiP-HPLC | Prenylated isoflavone (91); Rotenoid (136) |
Ye et al. (2010) Ye et al. (2010) |
|
| 95% Ethanol/Reflux | P-HPLC | Prenylated isoflavones (52) | Gong et al. (2009) |
| ODS-CC | Aglycone isoflavone (21) | ||
| Silica gel-CC | Prenylated isoflavones (72–74); Aglycone isoflavones (14, 8, 4) | ||
| HSCCC | Rotenoids (118, 127, 137); Prenylated isoflavones (99) | Ye te al. (2008) | |
| Sephadex LH-20 CC and P-HPLC |
Aglycone isoflavone (4–6) Isoflavan (3) |
Liao et al. (2013) | |
| P-HPLC | Aglycone isoflavone (9) | Liao et al. (2013) | |
| P-HPLC | Glycosylated isoflavones (30–35, 41, 42) | Gong et al. (2014) | |
| Sephadex LH-20 CC | Glycosylated isoflavone (35) | ||
| 95% Ethanol/Ultrasonic bath, RT | Toyopearlgel HW-40F CC |
Prenylated isoflavone (99, 103) Rotenoids (118, 127, 116) |
Tu et al. (2019)* |
| P-TLC | Prenylated isoflavone (107, 104) | Tu et al. (2020) | |
| Rotenoids (142, 145) | Tu et al. (2020) | ||
| Toyopearl gel HW-40F column chromatography | Aglycone isoflavone (24) | Tu et al. (2020) | |
| P-HPLC | Prenylated isoflavone (55, 107, 104); Rotenoid (116–118); Pterocarpans (147–149) | Tu et al. (2020) | |
| CHCl3/cold percolation | Silica-CC | Prenylated isoflavone (49, 75, 83–86, 92, 94–96); Aglycone isoflavone (9, 15,16); Rotenoids (127–129, 118, 137, 128, 118) | Yenesew et al. (1997); Yenesew et al. (2003b); Yenesew et al. (1996) |
| Chloroform/RT (defatted with hexane) | VLC-silica gel | Prenylated isoflavone (94); Aglycone isoflavone (18) | Yankeb et al. (2003) |
| Sephadex LH-20 CC | Geranylated isoflavone (113) | Yankeb et al. (2003) | |
| VLC-silica gel and P-TLC | Aglycone isoflavone (18, 23); Prenylated isoflavone (94, 96) | Yankeb et al. (1997) | |
| Silica gel-CC | Prenylated isoflavone (59); Geranylated isoflavone (114, 112, 111, 115) | Wanda et al. (2006) | |
| Silica-CC, Prep-TLC | Geranylated isoflavone (115, 111); Coumarins (146) | Yankeb et al. (1998) | |
| Silica-CC, Prep-TLC | Rotenoids (144); Prenylated isoflavones (59, 105); Aglycone isoflavone (26) | Yankeb et al. (2001) | |
| P-TLC | Prenylated isoflavones (91) | Tu et al. (2019)* | |
| Dichloromethane | Silica-CC | Rotenoids (132, 133, 141, 138); Prenylated isoflavones (91); Geranylated isoflavones (114) | Yenesew et al. (2003b) |
| Sephadex-LH-20 CC | Prenylated isoflavone (108, 96, 91); Aglycone isoflavone (25) | Yenesew et al. (1998) | |
| Dichloromethane/RT | P-HPLC | Aglycone isoflavone (19) | Pailee et al. (2019) |
| CH2Cl2/MeOH (1:1), | CC-silica gel | Rotenoids (118, 135, 133, 129); Aglycone isoflavones (16) | Deyou et al. (2015) |
| Sephadex LH-20 | Rotenoids (132, 134, 140); Aglycone isoflavones (16) | ||
| RP-HPLC | Rotenoid (141, 133, 118) | ||
| P-TLC | Aglycone isoflavone (11) | ||
| Dichloromethane/methanol (1:1 v/v)/cold percolation | CC-silica gel | Prenylated isoflavone (83–85, 96, 94, 97); Aglycone isoflavone (9) | Buyinza et al. (2021) |
| CH2Cl2/CH3OH (1:1), | CC on Sephadex LH-20; preparative HPLC | Pterocarpans (151) | Marco et al. (2017) |
| Silica gel-CC | Prenylated isoflavone (95, 109, 92) | ||
| RP-HPLC | Prenylated isoflavone (94) | ||
| CC on silica gel | Aglycone isoflavones (23, 11) | ||
|
Acetone/RT Acetone/RT |
Silica gel-CC | Prenylated isoflavone (44, 47, 56, 60–66, 77, 78, 79, 88, 93, 80, 81, 89); Aglycone isoflavones (27); Rotenoid (121); Pterocarpans (149) | Raksat et al. (2018) |
| Silica-CC, P-TLC | Prenylated isoflavone (50, 57, 58) | Ito et al. (2006) | |
| EtOAc by cold percolation | Silica-CC | Rotenoids (132, 143) | Yenesew et al. (1998) |
| Ethyl acetate | Silica gel-CC | Prenylated isoflavones (44, 47, 60–62, 64, 66–70, 78, 80–82, 90); Chromanochromenes (152–154); Pterocarpans (150) | Raksat et al. (2019) |
| n-hexane/RT | VLC-silica gel, CC and P-TLC | Geranylated isoflavones (110, 112); Prenylated isoflavones (95) | Yankeb et al. (1997) |
*Bioassay-guided isolations/fractionations