Table 3.
Biological activities of isoflavonoids isolated from Millettia species
| Biological activity | Compound name | Assay/Model | Effect (MIC, IC50) | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anti-inflammatory activity | Scandenone | RAW264.7 Macrophages | Inhibition of NO-production (IC50: 8.5 µM) | Raksat et al. (2019) |
| 6,8-Diprenyorobol | RAW264.7 Macrophages | Inhibition of NO-production (IC50: 14.3 µM) | Raksat et al. (2019) | |
| Brandisianin A | RAW264.7 Macrophages | Inhibition of NO-production (IC50: 35.7 µM) | Tang et al. (2016) | |
| Griffoninaone D | PLA2 and TPA-induced mouse ear Edema (Female Wistar rat) | Inhibition of swelling (0.25 mg/ear, 5 mg/kg) | Yankep et al. (2003) | |
| (3S)-vestitol | RAW264.7 Macrophages | Inhibition of NO-production (IC50: 16.0 µM) | Dat et al. (2019) | |
| 6-Deoxyclitoriacetal | Male Sprague–Dawley rats | inhibited the ear edema formation (1 mg/ear) | Pancharoen et al. (2008) | |
| α-Toxicarol | Male Sprague–Dawley rats | inhibited the ear edema formation (1 mg/ear) | Pancharoen et al. (2008) | |
| cis-3'',4''-Dihydro-3'',4''-Dihydroxylonchocarpusone | RAW264.7 macrophages | Dose dependent inhibition of NO-production | Tu et al. (2020) | |
| Milletenol A | RAW264.7 macrophages | Dose dependent inhibition of NO-production | Tu et al. (2020) | |
| Anticancer activity | Griffonianone C | MCF-7 cells | Upregulation of mRNA expression of Ki-67 (10–8 M) and CD1 (10–7 M) | Wanda et al. (2006) |
| Usararotenoid A | MDB-MB-231 cancer Cells | Cytotoxic (IC50: 87.3 µM) | Deyou et al. (2015) | |
| Millettosin | MDB-MB-231 cancer Cells | Cytotoxic to (IC50: 61.7 µM) | Deyou et al. (2015) | |
| 12a-Epimillettosin | MDB-MB-231 cancer Cells | Cytotoxic (IC50: 100.7 µM) | Deyou et al. (2015) | |
| Usararotenoid C | MDB-MB-231 cancer Cells | Cytotoxic (IC50: 25.7 µM) | Deyou et al. (2015) | |
| 4'-O-geranylisoliquiritigenin | MDB-MB-231 cancer Cells | Cytotoxic (IC50: 125.5 µM) | Deyou et al. (2015) | |
| Brandisianin B | HeLa cancer Cells | Cytotoxic (IC50: 9.7 µM) | Kikuchi et al. (2007) | |
| Brandisianin C | HeLa cancer Cells | Cytotoxic (IC50: 19.1 µM) | Kikuchi et al. (2007) | |
| Brandisianin E | HeLa cancer Cells | Cytotoxic (IC50: 21.7 µM) | Kikuchi et al. (2007) | |
| Barbigerone | HepG2, C26, LL2 B16 cancer cell lines | Induction of aptosis (HepG2 (IC50: 0.61 µM), C26 (IC50: 7.81 µM), LL2 (IC50: 0.36 µM), and B16 (IC50: 5.47 µM) | Ye et al. (2012a, b) | |
| Deguelin | HepG2, C26, LL2, B16 cancer cell lines | Induction of aptosis (HepG2 (IC50: 1.55 µM), C26 (IC50: 8.93 µM), LL2 (IC50: 0.51 µM), and B16 (IC50: 0.20 µM) | Ye et al. (2012a, b) | |
| 3-Homo13-oxa-6a,12a-dehydrodeguelin | HepG2, C26, LL2, B16 cancer cell lines | Induction of aptosis (HepG2 (IC50: 17.48 µM), C26 (IC50: 10.10 µM), LL2 (IC50: 3.33 µM), and B16 (IC50: 10.15 µM) | Ye et al. (2012a, b) | |
| Tephrosin | HepG2, C26, LL2, B16 cancer cell lines | Induction of aptosis (HepG2 (IC50: 1.41 µM), C26 (IC50: 6.49 µM), LL2 (IC50: 0.56 µM), and B16 (IC500: 15.95 µM) | Ye et al. (2012a, b) | |
| 6a,12a-dehydrodeguelin | HepG2, C26, LL2, B16 cancer cell lines | Induction of aptosis (HepG2 (IC50: 2.93 µM), C26 (IC50: 7.55 µM), LL2 (IC50: 1.35 µM), and B16 (IC50: 8.85 µM) | Ye et al. (2012a, b) | |
| Maximaisoflavone B | MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells | Cytotoxic (IC50: 153.5 µM) | Marco et al. (2017) | |
| 7,2′-Dimethoxy-4′,5′-dimethylenedioxy isoflavone | MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells | Cytotoxic (IC50: 174.1 µM) | Marco et al. (2017) | |
| Durmillone | A549 cancer cell line | Cytotoxic (IC50: 6.6 ± 1.2 mM) | Buyinza et al. (2021) | |
| Jamaicin | A549 cancer cell line | Cytotoxic (IC50: 11.4 ± 5.0 mM) | Buyinza et al. (2021) | |
| Antibacterial activity | Millexatin A | Bacterial strains | Growth inhibition: S. aureus, S. epidermidis and B. subtilis (2 µg/mL); S. typhyimurium and Ps. aeruginosa (128 µg/mL) | Raksat et al. (2018) |
| Millexatin F | Bacterial strains | Growth inhibition: S. aureus, S. epidermidis, and B. subtilis (2 µg/mL); S. typhyimurium and Ps. aeruginosa (128 2 µg/mL) | Raksat et al. (2018) | |
| Auriculatin | Bacterial strains | Growth inhibition: S. aureus, S. epidermidis, and B. subtilis (2 µg/mL); S. typhyimurium and Ps. aeruginosa (128 µg/mL) | Raksat et al. (2018) | |
| 3'-Methylorobol | Bacterial strains | Growth inhibition: S. aureus (32 µg/mL), S. epidermidis and B. subtilis (64 µg/mL); S. typhyimurium and Ps. Aeruginosa (128 µg/mL) | Raksat et al. (2018) | |
| Scandenone | Bacterial strains | Growth inhibition: S. aureus and B. subtilis (2 µg/mL); S. epidermidis (4 µg/mL); S. typhyimurium and Ps. aeruginosa (128 µg/mL) | Raksat et al. (2018) | |
| Auriculasin | Bacterial strains | Growth inhibition: S. aureus and S. epidermidis (4 µg/mL); B. subtilis (8 µg/mL); S. typhyimurium and Ps. Aeruginosa (128 µg/mL) | Raksat et al. (2018) | |
| 2'-Deoxyauriculasin | Bacterial strains | Growth inhibition: S. typhyimurium and Ps. aeruginosa (128 µg/mL) | Raksat et al. (2018) | |
| Isoauroculatin | Bacterial strains | Growth inhibition: S. typhyimurium and Ps. aeruginosa (128 µg/mL) | Raksat et al. (2018) | |
| Sumarol | Bacterial strains | Growth inhibition: S. typhyimurium and Ps. aeruginosa (128 µg/mL) | Raksat et al. (2018) | |
| Maackiain | Bacterial strains | Growth inhibition: S. typhyimurium and Ps. aeruginosa (128 µg/mL) | Raksat et al. (2018) | |
| Millexatin I | Bacterial strains | Growth inhibition: M. luteus (64), S. mutans (128 µg/mL), S. epidermidis (128 µg/mL), S. cereus (64 µg/mL), S. aureus (64 µg/mL); S. typhimurium (128 µg/mL), S. flexneri (128 µg/mL) | Raksat et al. (2019) | |
| Millexatin J | Bacterial strains | Growth inhibition: M. luteus (32 µg/mL), S. mutans (128 µg/mL), S. epidermidis (128 µg/mL), S. typhimurium (128 µg/mL), E. coli (128 µg/mL) | Raksat et al. (2019) | |
| Millexatin K | Bacterial strains | Growth inhibition: M. luteus (64 µg/mL), S. mutans (128 µg/mL), S. epidermidis (128 µg/mL), S. cereus (32 µg/mL), S. aureus (32 µg/mL); S. typhimurium (128 µg/mL) | Raksat et al. (2019) | |
| Millexatin L | Bacterial strains | Growth inhibition: M. luteus (64 µg/mL), S. mutans (128 µg/mL), S. epidermidis (128 µg/mL), S. cereus (32 µg/mL), S. aureus (32 µg/mL); S. typhimurium (128 µg/mL) | Raksat et al. (2019) | |
| Millexatin M | Bacterial strains | Growth inhibition: S. epidermidis (128 µg/mL), S. cereus (128 µg/mL), S. aureus (128 µg/mL); S. typhimurium (128 µg/mL), S. flexneri (128 µg/mL) | Raksat et al. (2019) | |
| Millexatin B | Bacterial strains | Growth inhibition: S. epidermidis (128 µg/mL), S. aureus (128 µg/mL); S. typhimurium (128 µg/mL), | Raksat et al. (2019) | |
| Millexatin D | Bacterial strains | Growth inhibition: M. luteus (32 µg/mL), S. mutans (128 µg/mL), S. epidermidis (128 µg/mL), S. cereus (8 µg/mL), S. Aureus (8 µg/mL); S. typhimurium (128 µg/mL), S. aeuruginosa (128 µg/mL), E. coli (128 µg/mL) | Raksat et al. (2019) | |
| Millipurone | Bacterial strains | Growth inhibition: M. luteus (2 µg/mL), S. mutans (16 µg/mL), S. epidermidis (4 µg/mL), S. cereus (32 µg/mL), S. aureus (4 µg/mL); S. typhimurium (128 µg/mL), S. aeuruginosa (128 µg/mL), E. coli (128 µg/mL), S. flexneri (128 µg/mL) | Raksat et al. (2019) | |
| 5,7,3',4'-tetrahydroxy-6,8-diprenylisoflavone (6,8-Diprenyorobol) | Bacterial strains | Growth inhibition: M. luteus (16 µg/mL), S. mutans (16 µg/mL), S. epidermidis (128 µg/mL), S. cereus (16 µg/mL), S. aureus (32 µg/mL); S. typhimurium (128 µg/mL), S. aeuruginosa (128 µg/mL), E. coli (128 µg/mL), S. flexneri (128 µg/mL) | Raksat et al. (2019) | |
| 5-Hydroxy-7-methoxy-4'-O-(3-methylbut-2-enyl)isoflavone | Bacterial strains | Growth inhibition: S. aureus (32 µg/mL); S. epidermidis (128 µg/mL), S. typhimurium (128 µg/mL) | Raksat et al. (2019) | |
| 7,4'-di-O-prenylgenistein | Bacterial strains | S. aureus (32 µg/mL); S. epidermidis (128 µg/mL), S. typhimurium (128 µg/mL); S. flexneri (128 µg/mL) | Raksat et al. (2019) | |
| Estrogenic activity | Millewanin G | 17 β-estradiol induced yeast | Inhibition of β-galactosidase activity (IC50: 29 µM) | Ito et al. (2006) |
| Millewanin H | 17 β-estradiol induced yeast | Inhibition of β-galactosidase activity IC50: 18 µM) | Ito et al. (2006) | |
| Furowanin B | 17 β-estradiol induced yeast | Inhibition of β-galactosidase activity (IC50: 13 µM) | Ito et al. (2006) | |
| 4'-methoxy-7-O-[(E)-3-methyl-7-hydroxymethyl-2,6-octadienyl]isoflavone | Yeast strain; MVLN cells; Ishikawa cells | Induction of estradiol activity (S. sereviseae) (10–8 M); Induction of luciferase activity (10–6 M); AlkP induction (10−6 M) | Wanda et al. (2006) | |
| 3',4'-dihydroxy-7-O -[(E)-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadienyl]isoflavone M | Yeast strain; MVLN cells; Ishikawa cells | Induction of estradiol activity (10–8 M); Induction of luciferase activity (10−5 M); AlkP induction (10−5 M) | Wanda et al. (2006) | |
| 4'-O-geranylisoliquiritigenin | Yeast strain; MVLN cells; Ishikawa cells | Induction of estradiol activity (10–8 M); Induction of luciferase activity (10−6 M); AlkP induction (10−6 M) | Wanda et al. (2006) | |
| 7-O-geranylformononetin | Yeast strain; MVLN cells; Ishikawa cells | Induction of estradiol activity (10–8 M); Induction of luciferase activity (10−6 M); AlkP induction (10−7 M) | Wanda et al. (2006) | |
| Griffonianone C | Wanda et al. (2007) | |||
| Anti-Alzheimer ‘s | Deguelin | In vitro assay | Inhibition of AChE activity (IC50: 126.70 µM) | Tu et al. (2019) |
| Tephrosin | In vitro assay | Inhibition of AChE activity (IC50: 127.18 µM) | Tu et al. (2019) | |
| Barbigerone | In vitro assay | Inhibition of AChE (IC50: 121.60 µM) and BChE (IC50: 21.77 µM) activities | Tu et al. (2019) | |
| 4',5-dimethoxy-6,6-dimethylpyrano isoflavone | In vitro assay | Inhibition of AChE (IC50: 131.17 µM) and BChE (IC50: 2.34 µM) activities | Tu et al. (2019) | |
| Larvaecidal activity | Deguelin | Aedes aegypti larvae | Potent (IC50: 1.6 µg/mL) | Yenesew et al. (2003a) |
| Tephrosin | Aedes aegypti larvae | Potent (IC50: 1.4 µg/mL) | Yenesew et al. (2003a) | |
| Anticoagulative activities | Genistein | Male New Zealand white rabbits | Dose-dependent antithrobin activity | Liao et al. (2013) |
| Daidzein | Male New Zealand white rabbits | Dose-dependent antithrobin activity | Liao et al. (2013) | |
| 5,7,2',4'-tetrahydroxyisolfavone | Male New Zealand white rabbits | Dose-dependent antithrobin activity | Liao et al. (2013) | |
| Antioxidant activity | Robustigenin, Viridiflorin, 12a-hydroxy-a -toxicarol | TLC-spot DPPH-Assay | Radical scavenging activity | Pancharoen et al. (2008) |
| Antiplasmodial activity | calopogonium isoflavone B; | 3D7 and the Dd2 strains of Plasmodium falciparum | 70–90% inhibition (40 µM) | Marco et al. (2017) |
| Isoerythrin A-4′-(3-methylbut-2-enyl) ether | 70–90% inhibition (40 µM) | Marco et al. (2017) |