TABLE 2.

Associations of total choline intakes (low or high levels compared to a medium level) with incident dementia and AD¹

	Model 1		Model 2		Model 3
	β ± SE	P	β ± SE	P	β ± SE	P
Total choline intake2 and dementia
Medium intake	Reference	—	—	—	—	—
Low intake	0.81 ± 0.23	<0.001	0.75 ± 0.32	0.02	0.84 ± 0.32	0.009
High intake	0.44 ± 0.47	0.35	−0.07 ± 0.64	0.92	−0.20 ± 0.65	0.76
Total choline intake2 and AD
Medium intake	Reference	—	—	—	—	—
Low intake	0.81 ± 0.23	<0.001	0.68 ± 0.33	0.04	0.76 ± 0.33	0.02
High intake	0.85 ± 0.55	0.13	0.50 ± 0.74	0.50	0.30 ± 0.75	0.70

¹The analysis was based on mixed-effect Cox proportional hazards regression models. Model 1 was adjusted for age, sex, education, and family structure. Model 2 was adjusted for the model 1 covariates plus BMI, apoE ε 4, methionine, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, folate intake, total energy intake, Dietary Guidelines Adherence Index score, and Framingham Stroke Risk Profile score. Model 3 was adjusted for the model 2 covariates plus alcohol intake, current smoking, and Physical Activity Index score. AD, Alzheimer's disease.

²β and SE based on total choline intake expressed as per 100 mg/d increases. Medium intake was choline between 220 and 516 mg/d in models for dementia and between 216 and 552 mg/d in models for AD. Low intake was choline ≤219 mg/d in models for dementia and ≤215 mg/d in models for AD. High intake was choline ≥517 mg/d in models for dementia and ≥553 mg/d in models for AD.