TABLE 3.

Associations of total choline intake (per 100 mg/d increase) with incident dementia and AD¹

	Model 1		Model 2		Model 3
	β ± SE	P	β ± SE	P	β ± SE	P
Total choline and dementia
Choline (squared)	0.09 ± 0.03	0.007	0.08 ± 0.05	0.11	0.09 ± 0.05	0.09
Choline	−0.77 ± 0.27	0.005	−0.64 ± 0.49	0.19	−0.78 ± 0.50	0.12
Total choline and AD
Choline (squared)	0.17 ± 0.05	<0.001	0.13 ± 0.07	0.04	0.15 ± 0.07	0.03
Choline	−1.31 ± 0.37	<0.001	−1.09 ± 0.59	0.06	−1.30 ± 0.59	0.03

¹The analysis was based on mixed-effect Cox proportional hazards regression models. The exposures of interest were expressed as per 100 mg/d increases. The choline-squared term was added into the model for nonlinear analysis. Model 1 was adjusted for age, sex, education, squared term of interest, and family structure. Model 2 was adjusted for the model 1 covariates plus BMI, apoE ε 4, methionine, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, folate intake, total energy intake, Dietary Guidelines Adherence Index score, and Framingham Stroke Risk Profile score. Model 3 was adjusted for the model 2 covariates plus alcohol intake, current smoking, and Physical Activity Index score. AD, Alzheimer's disease.